723. Letters to Atticus, volume 2 by Cicero

723.  Letters To Atticus Vol II by Cicero, Loeb.  

90.  Rome, July 27, 54.  Politics in Rome- the big three care less about corruption but butchering a paterfamilias was not approved.  Cicero asked to handle case about water problems at Reate.  He seems to know about such things.  Playful joke about an actor's performance.  Bribery is so rampant that interest rates have risen.  Except in the case of Tribunes.  All candidates made a pledge to Cato to forfeit a deposit if candidacy is improperly conducted.  Cicero is busy in court.

91.  Rome, October 1, 54.  Consul scandal- sitting consuls formed pact with two candidates to arrange deals if elected.  Cicero wrote this letter before daybreak.

92.  Rome, October 24- November 2, 54.  The trials of Gabinius who is under one indictment after the next.  The Republic is a mess but Cicero is enjoying his case work.

93.  Rome, end of November, 54.  Hints of dictatorship in the air, bribery is common.

94.  Minturnae, May 5/6, 51.  Cicero is on his way t his province.  Cicero hopes that Atticus can make sure the loan from Caesar can soon be repaid. Problems with Pomponia.

95.  Pompeii, May 10, 51.  On his way from Pompeii to Trebula area.  Cicero hopes to prevent any extension to his term.  Cicero writes this before daybreak.  Soon will make his way to Beneventum.

96.  Near Trebula, May 11, 51.  Stayed at Pontius' place.  Needs to know the political rumors from Atticus.

97.  Beneventum, May 12, 51.  Working with Atticus to tidy up things in Rome.

98.  Venusia, May 15, 51.  Written early in the morning.  Cicero will report later on about his talk with Pompey.

99.  Tarentum, May 19, 51.  Reminds Atticus about repaying loan to Caesar.

100.  Tarentum, May 22, 51.  Cicero spends three days with Pompey who convinces Cicero that he will back the Republic.

101. Brundisium, June2, 51.  Cicero has not felt well.  He is waiting for Pomptinus.  Cicero has been trying to protect Milo's property.

102.  Actium, June 14, 51.  Plans to operate a very honest government.  He asks to make sure that his term is not extended.

103.  Athens, June 27, 51.  As government, while traveling, is not taking advantage of his powers.  Greeks are impressed.  Putting with rudeness but gives no details in the letter.  Enjoying Athens.  He stays with Aristus, head of the Academy.

104.  Athens, July 6, 51.  He displays restraint at every turn.  Cicero helps to preserve the house of Epicurus.

105.  Delos, Mid July, 51.  Took six days to get from Athens to Delos.  Difficult sailing.  He expresses concern for aqueduct at Tusculum.  He wrote this on the Aegean Sea.

106.  Ephesus, July 26, 51.  Welcomed by huge crowds at Samos and Ephesus.

107.  Tralles, July 27, 51.  On the road, dusty and hot.  No one is the poorer for Cicero's stay.

108.  Laodicea, August 3, 51.  Talks about how he misses the forum, Rome, home, friends.  Mentions obvious mismanagement by Appius.  He needs to be kept informed of matters in Rome.

109.  Between Synnada and Philomelum, August 14, 51.   Wrote this letter on the side of the road.  Spent time in Laodicea, Apamea and Synnada.  Beginning to hear of the desperate condition of the province.  As people hear of Cicero's decency and good sense, they flock to his presence.

110.  On the road, August 15, 51.  Dictates this letter en route.  Cicero's methods have been praised.  His staff is excellent.  The children have been left with Deiotarus for safety.

111.  Camp near Cybista, September 20, 51.  Partthians on the move.  Heading toward Cyrrhestica, which is very near to Cicero's province.  Army is small but very loyal.  Cicero is very popular among the locals.  Boys are with Deiotarus.

112.  Camp at Cybistra, September 21, 51.  A letter from Atticus took 46 days to go from Rome to Cicero.  Attica was born and Atticus adores her.  Details of troop movements in Cilicia and capture of Pindenissum.

113.  Camp at Pindenssum, December 19, 51.  Pindenssinum surrendered.  Cicero makes jokes.  Saluted as General.  Cicero promises to keep staff clean.  Keeping Quintus on tight rein.

114.  Laodicea, February 13, 50.  Concerns about the Parthians.  Cicero and staff are very conservative concerning expenditures.  He asks for nothing from the towns.  Brutus in business with creditors in Cyprus.  He used his association to get Cicero to have Cyprus pay what was owed.  Cicero refused to grant power to one of Brutus' associates to force money out of them.  Cicero ordered the troops out.  Brutus was clearly in the grasp of greed and Cicero was not impressed.

115.  Laodicea, February 20, 50.  Appius, previous governor, is bugged with Cicero's methods.  Because they make him look bad.Appius' agents claim Cicero is being honest in order to make Appius look bad.  Brutus told Cicero that the Salaminians on Cyprus owed his friends money.  Actually these were agents for Brutus.  Brutus is not pleasant toward Cicero in his lettters.  He sounds like a pushy rich kid, entitled.  Cicero has good things to sday of other governors.  Cicero uses his charm to get the tax farmewrs to lower the taxes.  Gossip- in P. Vedius' lugggage 5 portraits of women.

116.  Laodicea, End of April, 50.  Domestic problems between Quintus and Pomponia.  Cicero writes of the quality of his administration.  He rises before dawn.  People are impressed at his accessibility.  Still more about Brutus and Salaminians.  Atticus asked Cicero to send 50 soldiers to do Brutus' bidding.  Cicero was shocked.  Wrote this letter before dawn.  Crowds gather to see Cicero.

117.  On way to Tarsus, May/June 50.  Cicero worries about whom to leave in charge.  No successor has been appointed.  More of Brutus' associates:  rude, impolite, pushy.  Brutus' letters have been pushy, rude, arrogant and unappreciative.

118.  On the way, June, 50.  Concerns about Terentia's business activities.

119.  On Pyramus, June 25/26, 50.  More on Terentia, problems with Parthians.

120.  Tarsus, July, 50.  Tiro left sick at Issus.  General comments on province, brother and Terentia.

121.  Side, August 3, 50.  Tullia is engaged to Dolabella.  Hortenius is dying.  Cicero leaves Coelius in charge of province.  Mentions possible Triumph.

122.  Ephesus, October 1, 50.  Looming political problems in Rome. Thoughts on potential Triumph.

123.  Athens, October 15, 50.  Atticus is not well.  Cicero could tell by handwriting.  Rumors about Caesar's troop movements.

124.  Athens, October 16, 50.  The looming political battle between Pompey and Caesar.  Cicero explains why he became close friends with Caesar via Pompey.  Cicero sees no room for fence sitting.  Staff expects Cicero to distribute expenses allowed to them.  Instead he returns the money to the Treasury.  He now begins to think of political advantages of seeking a Triumph.

125.  Brundisium, November 25, 50.  His line of poetry:

flavit ab Epiro lenissimus Onchesmites

This even amidst political crisis.  Atticus has been ill.  Tiro left sick at Patrae.  Atticus is enjoying his daughter.  Discussion of love of children is part of nature.  Without this there can be no ties between one human and another.  Atticus met with Pompey who made very favorable remarks about Cicero.  Hortensius died.  Cato was married.  His wife divorced and married Hortensius.  Hortensius dies.  She marries Cato again.  Cicero irritated about Cato's  attitude toward Cicero's success as governor.

126.  Near Trebula, December 9,  50.  Cicero glad he has returned to see what good he can do in this crisis.  Cicero balances his part of independent statesman and his bid for Triumph.  Review of Caesar's treatment of Cicero and other close associates.  Section is stuffed with info much of which is obscure.  Cicero says that two men battle for their own power to the detriment of the state.  When Caesar was Consul he cared nothing for the Republic.  Cicero was not helped leading up to his exile.  Caesar's command was extended.  His candidacy for Consulship was granted in absentia.  Caesar is a man very bold, very ready to do anything surrounded by those condemned in courts, afflicted with disgrace, youth and rabble, he has no cause but is loaded with everything else.  Caelius has changed sides.  Cicero disappointed.  Cicero- his staff has been good.  But some problems with Quintus.  He hoped for profit.  Cicero talked him out of it.  Discusses the correct grammatical use of Piraeus.  He finds Tullia's new husband charming.

127.  Cumae, December 13, 50.  Praise for Dionysius.  Met with Pompey for two hours.  Pompey sees war coming.  But Cicero can not believe that Caesar would jeopardize his 2nd Consulship.

128.  Formiae, Mid December, 50.  Always glad to hear from Atticus.  Does not plan to go to Tusculum as it is out of way for people visiting.  

December 29- to Terracina, then to someplace in the Pomptine Marshes. then Pompey's place at Alba, then Rome January 3 for his birthday.  Cicero reports that everyone he talks to wants peace.  Cicero- it is too late to oppose someone we have nourished against us for ten years.

129.  Formiae, December 18, 50.  Worries about political situation.  Everyone wants to grant Caesar's request rather than war.   In his heart he feels that any concession is worth it if war is avoided but in the Senate he will support Pompey to whom Cicero owes his recall.

130.  Formiae, December 19, 50.  January 2 Cicero does not want to visit Pompey because it would add difficulties to Pompey's household as it would be the Compitalia.  Looks as though Triumph plans are shaping up.  Talk of sending Cicero to Sicily as military commander.  But Cicero observes that he has no orders from the Senate.  Cicero sees a weak Senate which has left the state rudderless.  Where are the Boni?  He asks.  Cicero never liked granting Caesar the right of in absentia while holding command.  But this is better than war.  Too late to oppose him.  Time to stop writing as lamp is going down.

131.  Formiae, December 25/26, 50.  Dionysius talks about Cicero behind his back.  At Lavernium Cicero met Pompey.  Back to Formiae.  Long talk.  Pompey says he does not want peace for to cave to Caesar's request wold destroy the constitution.  Both read a speech by Marcus Antonius attacking Pompey.  Pompey remarked how will Caesar behanve when this nobody talks like this?

132.  Formiae, December 27, 50.  One of Cicero's letters was lost when Quinctus was robbed at Basilus' Tomb on the Via Appia near Rome.  Cicero luists possibilities:  

1.  Caesar runs for office and keeps his army by will of Senate or Tribunes.

2.  Caesar may be persuaded to hand over province and become Consul.

3.  If not, election without his candidacy without his oppoosition and retain province.

4.  If he opposes there will be an interregnum.

5.  If he marches we must fight.

But Pompey opposes Caesar to hold army and run for office.

133.  Outside Rome, January 18, 49.  Upon the rumor of Caesar advancing to Rome, many leave.  The process reveals that Pompey is not prepared.

134.  Formiae, January 21, 49.  Caesar has crossed the Rubicon.  Cicero is shocked.  Caesar says he does this top protect his honor (dignitas)  Where is dignitas without moral goodness (honestas)?  Cicero is shocked that Pompey abandoned Rome.  Cicero is charged with recruitment in Campania.

135.  Formiae, January 22, 49.  No one knows what Pompey is up to.  Cicero saw Consul Lentulus, no plan.  Pompey is going south to get troops.  Labienus left Caesar but enters an empty Rome.  

136.  Mintunae, January 23, 49.  Labienus is a hero.  Piso rejects Caesar. 

"Bellum' civile … non ex civis dissensione sed ex unius perditi civis audacia… tenet multos spe et promissis, omnia omnium concupivit.

Complains of Pompey's poor performance.  Rumor is that Pompey is in a panic:  e portu sine gubernaculis egressi tempestate nos traderemus.

Worries  about what to do with families for their sake and political reasons.  Mentions Peducaeus.

137.  Minturnae, January 24, 49.  On the 23 rd saw L. Caesar at Minturnae (Caesar's go between with Pompey).  Pompey left Teanum on way to Larinum, staying at Venafrum.  Cicero wonders about Domitius.  Thermus in Iguvium and P. Attius at Cingulum.  This letter was dictated as Cicero suffered from eye inflammation.

138.  Cales, January 25, 49.  Heading for Capua.  L. Caesar brought terms to Pompey.  Approved by Pompey, but Pompey asked Caesar's troops to withdraw.    Cicero has hopes.  Cicero to meet Pompey at Capua.  Worries about family.  Wonders what Sextus is going to do.

139.  Capua, January 26, 49.  Cicero met the Consuls, many Senators.  All hope that Caesar will withdraw troops, even Cato.  Most do not trust Caesar but Cicero hopes he will do so.

  

140.  Cales, January 28, 49.  Pompey hopes to return to Rome.  Convinced by Labienus of Caesar's weakness.  Consuls plan to meet again February 5.

141.  Formiae, February 2, 49.  L. Caesar on way to Caesar with Pompey's reply.  Cicero bugged that Pompey let Sestius write the document as Pompey is a fine letter writer.  Trebatius from Caesar wrote Cicero asking him to stay near Rome.  Cicero replies to Trebatius that he was at his properties and had not undertaken troop recruitment.

142.  Formiae, February 3, 49.  Cicero's wife and daughter arrive at Formiae.  Cicero knows that during this peace negotiation, Caesar has been preparing for war.  Dionysius has betrayed Cicero.

143.  Formiae, February, 49.  Cicero's hopes that Caesar accept terms are dashed.  

144.  Capua, February 5, 49.  Arriv ed at Capua in pouring rain.  Consuls have not a clue what to do.  Hint that Pompey intends to leave Italy.  Cicero shocked.   Cicero has no idea what kind of despot Caesar will be.

145.  Cales, February 8, 49.  Cicero sums up Pompey:   non animus, non consilium, non copiae.  Complete chaos.  Cicero puzzled what to do.

146.  Formiae, February 9, 49.  Cicero expects Pompey to leave.

147.  Formiae, February 10, 49.  Cicero informed that Domitius has strong army aided by Lentulus and Thermus.  But Cicero sees no hope.

148.  Formiae, February  11, 49.  Constant rumors of troop movement.

149.  Formiae, February 11/12, 49.  More rumors of the strength of Pompey's army.  Cicero does not believe. 

150.  Formiae, February 13, 49.  Cicero's spirit improved.  Good news of Domitius.  But his mistrust of Pompey makes him hesitate to oppose Caesar as Cicero knows that he would be thrown under the bus if they patched things up.

151.  Formiae, February 15/16, 49.  Cicero writes of a letter he received from Pompey asking Cicero to come to Luceria to be safe.  Cicero replies- he was not looking for the safest place.  Cicero urges Pompey to hold the sea coast for supplies.  He knows it was a waste of time.  But he puts his opposition to the abandonment of Italy on the record.  Cicero depressed with this lack of plan except to run.  Cicero will follow Pompey but only because he owes him.

152.  Formiae, February 17, 49.  Cicero sent Caesar a letter.  Pompey hopes Cicero will mediate.  Atticus suggests that Cicero should not have written to Caesar. Cicero replies I have to worry about what people will make up.  Cicero sees no signs of courage. Written by lamplight.

153.  Cales, February 18/19, 49.  If Pompey leaves Italy what should Cicero do?  Cicero's case:

Pompey helped restore Cicero.

Personal friendship

If he stays he comes under Caesar's control.

Cicero does not trust Caesar

Pompey has lacked wisdom in preparation

Pompey has not consulted Cicero

Pompey built up Caesar

He backed a dubious law.

added Transalpine Gaul to Caesar's command

married Julia

served as Augur for Clodius' adoption

no help in banishment

but had concern for recall

prolonged Caesar's command

kept guard for Caesar ion Rome.

pressed Tribunes to pass candidacy in absentia

opposed Marcellus when he proposedMarch 1 as end for Caesar's command

withdrew from Rome

flight

154.  Formiae, February 20, 49.  Cicero hopes Pompey will support Domitius but Pompey's letter seems to suggest otherwise.

155.  Formiae, February 21, 49.  If Pompey does not help Domitius, he has completely failed. Cicero does not think that he will help Domitius.

Famous line:

ego vero quem fugiam habeo, quem sequar non habeo.

156.  Formiae, February 22, 49.   Dionysius is bad news.  He dumped Cicero when his fortune turned.  Cicero has a ship ready.

157.  Formiae, February 22, 49.  Cicero does not trust Dionysius.

158.  Formiae, February 23, 49.  Corfinium has fallen after learning that Pompey would not come.

159.  Formiae, February 24, 49.  Cicero not impressed with Dionysius' visit.

160.  Formiae, February 25, 49.  The 24th Balbus visits Cicero with message for Lentulus with promose of province if he returns to Rome.  Cicero thinks that Lentulus will not accept.  Balbus said that Caesar would love to meet Pompey.  Cicero says oh yes but not to be reconcilled.  Balbus also tells Cicero that Caesar would be happy to liver under Pompey's domination.  Cicero- sure, right.

161.  Formiae, February 27, 49.  Cicero believes that great leaders looks to the interest of the people.  Something Pompey has never done.  Both have aimed at domination.  Cicero sees only severe damage to the Republic.  Cicero asks Atticus for Demetrius' of Magnesia On Harmony.  Cicero has a plan.

161A.  Luceria, February 10, 49.  Pompey to Cicero

161 B.  Formiae, February 15/16, 49.  Cicero to Pompey- defend Italy.

161C.  Canusium, February 20, 49.  Pompey to Cicero.  Tells him to come to Brundisium.  

161 D.  Formaie, February 27, 49.  Cicero to Pompey.  Cicero expresses disapproval of Pompey leaving Italy and lack of support for Domitius.  Cicero can see not safe way to reach Brundisium.  We are captives just like those at Corfinium.  He regrets not knowing Pompey's plan.  Cicero surprised that cause could not be maintained in Italy.  Cicero prefers peace to the mess the state now finds itself.

162.  Formiae, February 28, 49.  This letter was dictated and given to Fabius Gallus.  Cicero treads carefully as he did not want to come between Pompey and Caesar mutual offers of peace since each had an army.  Cicero second guesses what he should have done.  Still needs the books On Harmony.

162 A.  Luceria, February 18, 49.  Pompey to Cicero. Domitius should have come to Brundisium.

162 B.  Luceria, February 11, 49.  Pompey to Domitius.  Adandon Corfinium and come to Brundisium.

162 C.  Luceria, February 16, 49.  Pompey to Domitius.  Clear that Pompey will not help Domitius.

162 D.  Luceria, February 17, 49.  Pompey to Domitius.  It is a mistake to remain at Corfinium.

163.  Formiae, March 1, 49.  Letter dictated.  Hopefully Caesar will find Pompey at Brundisium and war will not expand.  Populace is beginning to fasvor Caesar because offers no threat.

164.  Formiae, March 2, 49.  All will be decided at Brundisium what will be the nature of the war.

165.  Formiae, March 3, 49.  Cicero worries about how angry each contestant is and what this portends for whoever in the winner.  Cicero's problem:  to stay is the wiser course, to leave Italy is the more honorable.  Both choices fraught with advantage and problems.

165 A.  Rome, March 1, 49.  Balbus to Cicero.  Asks Cicero to negotiate between Pompey and Caesar for intrigue has put them at odds.  He tells Cicero that nothing would please Caesar more.

722. De Officiis II by Cicero

The Choice of Hercules by Paolo de' Matteis

722.  De Officiis II by Cicero.  This book covers those topics which deal with refinement of life, with power and wealth.  Cicero gives a defense for the study of philosophy.  He says that since all power is in the hands of one, there is no place for deliberation or for difference of opinions, I have devoted myself to philosophy.  In this time of enforced retirement, it is good to share what is not well known to my country.  What is philosophy?  It is the knowledge of things divine and of human truth and the cause by which these things are controlled.  It provides rest and delight.

How else can virtues be understood?  Now we will discuss utile (usefulness, practical, advantageous, expedient)  Utile unfortunately has been severed from moral goodness to the point that something maybe morally good but not expedient.  Thus some take cunning to be a form of wisdom.  People must learn that they can get what they want by honorable means, not by craft and deception.

Two things are necessary for protecting life 1) inanimate (gold, food), 2) animate (instincts, desire).  Of animate some are rational (humans and some not (animals).  Human effort provides human needs.  Cicero gives a list of human effort- aqueducts, harbors, etc.  Humans naturally associated with each other.  From this developed cities, laws, customs, equal application of the law and manner of living.  Then followed mildness of mind, reverence and it has brought about a life more fortified.  And yet the greatest disasters for humans have been caused by humans.

This is where the pursuit of virtue can bring humans together and to unite humans for a common purpose.  The skills of hard work brings about things of use from objects and anima;s but the pursuit of wisdom and virtue advance human interests as humans.  These virtues are: 

wisdom (pursuit of truth)

temperance (restraint)

justice ( fair dealing in the exchange of goods and services and punishment for those who attack these)

There are six reasons why people help people:

1 kindness

2. out of respect

3. Because a person is successful

4. fear

5. Hope for some favor in return

6. Hope of reward.

People submit to another's power

1. good will

2. gratitude

3. due to level of dignity

4. fear 

5. hope of largess

6. Bribe.

This is the best road to influence: to be held in the highest esteem.  Fear is poor protection.  Those who use force and hatred to rule eventually meet retribution by the general populace.

The Senate was once the safe harbor of Kings, peoples and nations when the empire was based on service.  But matters fall apart when someone like Sulla holds an auction of others' property as "his loot".

The first necessity is to have friends who care about us. Distinction, renown, goodwill help to develop these friendships.  

First his discusses gloria (glory, fame, pride).  This depends on the esteem of the multitude.  To gain glory requires 

1.the admiration and goodwill of people.  What are these foundations of goodwill?  Acts of kindness.  One must do something nice even though nothing is expected.  A reputation for generosity, kindness, justice, trust.  

2. Trust or confidence is fides- it is possessed if a person is thought good, can handle situations as they arise, is just and wise.  Justice is the more important in gaining confidence.

3.  Admiration is acquired by the display of hard work, effort, caring, a strong spirit, energy, talent.  These are acquired by avoiding the faults which others have difficulty avoiding.  We admire those who resist allurements.

What ties all these together?

Justice

Every walk of life requires human cooperation.  It is easy if one is a good person.  The best defense is to be well thought of.  Even robbers live by a strict code.

Kings come about because common people were oppressed by the powerful.  One was picked for preeminence in virtue.  The impetus for establishing published laws was the same as that for a kings- equality before the law.  Justice should be cultivated for its own sake and for the honor and fame which come with it.

Socrates said that the short cut to gloria is to be the kind of person one wishes to be thought.  Everything fake quickly fall like little petals of a flower.

How to have a good name?

1. It can be inherited- a son can inherit the good name of a father

2. as soon as one can one should strive for greatness

3. a military career.

4. hard mental work, attention to restraint, respect for parents, kindness toward relatives

5. Attaching oneself to quality people- for people tend to think that a person tends to have the same traits as those they associate with.

6. by eloquence- which consists of two parts- a. the ability be persuasive in a court case or public setting or b. conversation.

There are two kinds of court cases:  defense and prosecution

There are rules for these court cases.  Never prosecute a person on capital charges who is innocent.  For it is wrong to use eloquence to destroy an innocent person in court.  Eloquence should be used for the safety and preservation of people.  

As long as someone has not committed an heinous crime, he may be rightfully defended.  The masses desire it, custom accepts it and it is the humane thing to do.  For it is the judge who is supposed to look for truth.  The attorney is to present what is plausible.

Now we discuss kindness and generosity.  There are two ways to help the needy:

1. effort

2. money

Money is easier but service is more noble.  Too many bank withdrawals and one becomes less likely to have enough to help others.  But putting forth effort, helping others helps to encourage others to help others.  This pulls society together.   The habit of service produces  practice in service.  But the distribution of money only produces the expectation of more. Kindness which requires effort and diligence benefits a greater number of people.

Gifts of money are fine as long as it is not overdone and one must make sure that it is deserved.  Cicero praises that generosity which draws people together and encourages the same from others.  Huge outlay of expenditures can only appeal to slaves and the servile types.

There are ways to practice largess in a manner that has lasting benefit.  Such as a banquet in the street for all during some festival.

Cicero is an example.  For he rose to each office in the first year he was eligible and yet spent modestly during his Aedileship.  It is better he says to give money for docks, harbors, walls, aqueducts.  These serve the whole community.  He thinks less so of theaters, porticos and new temples. His guiding rule is a quote from Ennius:

bene facta male locata male facta arbitror=

I think that good deeds poorly employed are bad deeds.

There are many ways to bring benefit to others, if done properly it brings benefit to more than one.

The ability to speak is a fine means for benefiting society.

It is very important that an act of kindness for one does not injure another.  People often give based of the anticipation of a return.  Cicero points out that the poor are more appreciative of generosity in the form of service.:

ego vero malo virum qui pecunia eget, quam pecuniam, quae viro.=

I prefer a man who needs money rather than money which needs a man

The worship of money has corrupted and debased morals and customs.  

All of the above puts an obligation upon leaders to protect property:

1. the purpose of the state is to protect property of people and not use the power of government to take it away

2. avoid taxes

3. maintain high standards

The love of money has produced the necessity for more and more trials for extortion.

Cicero gives numerous examples from the past of those who benefited the state but did not increase their wealth.  No vice is worse for a leader than greed:

habere enim quaestui rem publicam non modo turpe est, sed sceleratum etiam et nefarium=

to use the state for personal profit is not only repulsive but also darn right wicked and evil.

Those who disrupt the foundations of society, the protection of property, by taking from some to give to others hope to gain the love of people but in the end do not.

Cicero's story of Aratus is used to contrast with the unjust manner in which Caesar operates.  It is a mark of greatness to keep the interests of the entire state in one's sights.

720. Letters to Atticus vol I by Cicero, Loeb

Cicero, Quintus and Atticus by Richard Wilson

720.  Letters to Atticus, vol. 1 by Cicero, Loeb.

#1.  Rome 68, November.  Lucius died, Cicero is heart broken.  Peducaeus helped with business deal.  Cicero mentions Tusculum.  

#2.  Rome, 68.  Father died November 23.  Looking for objects for gymnasium.  Loves Tusculum.

#3.  Rome before February 13, 67.  Asks about library for Tusculum.

#4.  Rome, after February 13, 67.  Purchased Megarian marble statues, loves the pentalic Herm, bronze heads.  Looking for sculpture suitable for gymnasium and xystus.

#5.  Rome,March/April 67.  Waiting for Megarian statues and herms.  Looking for things suitable for Academy (Is this the name for his villa at Tusculum?)

#6.  Tusculum, May, 67.  Looking forward to statues and Heracles Herms.  Looking for things suitable for palaestra and gymnasium.  He is sitting in the gymnasium while writing this letter.  He is looking for typos (relief sculpture to be placed on a wall, carved well covers (puteolia).

#7.  Rome, August 67.  He is working hard to reconcile Lucceius to Atticus but unsuccessful.  Cicero is running for office.  He is excited about books and other items for Academy.

#8.  Rome, end of 67.  Awaits Atticus' return.  Statues which Atticus bought for Cicero are at Caieta.  Lucceius is still angry.  Tullia is engaged to C. Piso Frugi.

#9.  Rome, 1st half of 66.  Cicero, praetor, handles C. Macer's case and conviction.  Herm of Athena now in Academy, herms commonly found in such places.  Looking forward to other pieces.  These are at Formiae house.  Soon will be moved to Tusculum and will decorate Caieta later.  Hold the books until there is money to purchase.

#10.  Rome, just before July 17, 65.  His prospects for the consulship.  Other candidates - Caesar a shoe in- a curator of the Via Flaminia.  Cicero loves the Hermathena- it is the highlight of the gymnasium.

#11.  Rome, after #10.  65.  Marcus born.  Cicero may defend Catiline.  Cicero meets Atticus in Rome.

#12.  Rome, January 1, 61.  Problems with Antonius.  Clodius caught at Bona Dea.  At this point is a fun piece of gossip.  Sositheus, Cicero's reader, died.  Cicero very upset.

#13.  Rome January 25, 61.  Cicero received three letters from Atticus.  The first was delivered by M. Cornelius who delived it to Cicero at Tres Tabernae.  2nd came from Canusium, 3rd by ship.  Cicero has difficulty finding reliable post:  qui epistulam paulo graviorem ferre possit nisi eam perlectione relevarit.  Cicero named number 2 after Princeps of the Senate.  Piso is petty, Messala tough.  Clodius' affair.  Caesar's divorce.  Cicero suspects serious mischief.  Pompey is jealous.

#14.  Rome, Feburary 13, 61.  Cicero is swamped.  Pompey's speech poorly received.  Fufius, a tribune, called Pompey to speak at contio, egged on by Piso, at the Flaminian Circus.  Pompey in speech supports Senate.  In the Senate Messala asked Pompey his position on Clodius' trial.  He said that he supported Senate.  Pompey was sitting next to Cicero.  Then Crassus to steal limelight from Pompey stands up and praises Cicero.  Cicero says Senate was resolute in the matter of Clodius.  A bill was presented to people about it, opposed by friends of Clodius.  Piso, consul, urged no vote. It was discovered that ballots with only nay were distributed.  Then Cato takes platform and criticizes Piso.  Hortensius, Favonius helped.  Assembly dismissed.  The Senate passes motion to support the bill.  Clodius begs.  Vote- 400 to 15.  Clodius proceeds with crazy speeches.

#15.  Rome, March 1, 61.  Quintus receives Asia as province for governor.  Cicero asks Atticus to be on his staff.

#16.  Rome, early July, 61.  Clodius' trial with all of its drama and Cicero's testimony.  Hortenius' blunder.  Crassus used money to bribe jurors.  Pompey pushes L. Afranius for Consul.  Cicero sees this as a big mistake.  Atticus decides not be on Quintus' staff.  Atticus wrote an epigram for Amalthea.  Cicero would appreciate a description of the Amalthea, decorations, poems.  Cicero would like to do the same at Arpinum.

#17.  Rome, December 5, 61.  Discussion of Quintus' anger with Atticus.  Very philosophical.  Atticus apparently felt compelled to explain his mode of life to Cicero.  Cicero comforts Atticus and respects his choice.  There is difficulty in maintaining harmony between Senate and Equites.  Cicero has drawn closer to Pompey but realizes the dangers.  Cicero mentions the coming election concerning Caesar and Bibulus.

#18.  Rome, January 20, 60. Cicero misses Atticus as a confidant.  Quintus is in Asia, Cicero is lonely, even though accompanied by throngs to the forum.  He worries of family matters.  His only consolation is Terrentia, Tullia and Marcus.  Politics is a mess: Clodius' trial, Senate ineffective and scandel (Memmius initiated M. Lucullus' wife and wiped his boots on Agamemnon.)  C. Herenius, tribune, propsed to make Cldoius a plebeian.

#19.  Rome, March 15, 60. Cicero jokes that he is better at writing letters.  Politics- there is the Gallic scare.  Ambassadors are to be sent to prevent Gauls from joining Helvetians.  Tribune Flavius pushing agrarian law for Pompey.  Cicero got the parts removed which were bad for private interests.  Tribune Herenius pushing bill to make Clodius pleb.  Votoed each time.  Pompey and Cicero are tight but Cicero is wary of the "honest men".  Cicero is not able to help Atticus' affair.  Cicero is sending his Greek version of his Consulship, soon a Latin version, then a poem.  Quintus writes to Cicero that he never said anything bad about Atticus.

#20.  Rome, May 12, 60. Cicero returns from Pompeii, May 12.  Cicero mentions Atticus' kind and polite letter.  Pompey is too eager for popularity but Cicero takes the high road.  Cicero will stay true to his code.  But he misses Catullus who just died.  Cicero feels alone now.  He is aware of jealous nobles.  Metellus is an impressive Consul but Afranius is pathetic. L.Papirius Paetus offered Cicero books of Ser. Claudius.  Cicero is excited.

#21.  Antium, June 3 (?) 60.  Cicero gives C. Cossinius his Greek version of his consulship for Atticus.  Atticus wrote one too.  Cicero sends some speeches as these are requested by the young, his "little speeches":  Agrarian law, Otho, Catilinarian etc.  Clodius still pushing to be a pleb.  Metellus stops.  Clodius and Cicero battle in the Senate, but Clodius keeps pushing to be a pleb.  Banter and barbs are exchanged.  Cicero hopes to steer Pompey for good constitutional purposes.  Cicero hopes to bind Caesar to benefit the state.  Cicero's criticism of Cato is that he is too insistent on keeping to stoic principals.  His Amalthea looks forward to seeing Atticus.  Cicero is pleased with Tusculum and Pompeii.  Cicero sends Prognostica.  Cicero asks Atticus again to take care of books from Paetus.

#22.  Antium, December 15 (?) 60.  Cicero enjoys Dicaearchus.

#23.  Rome maybe, after 22. Atticus criticizes the size of Cicero's windows- a discussion on widow philosophy follows. Cicero hopes to work with Caesar and Pompey.  Cicero looks forward to their strolls on the Compitalia.  He promises to have the baths ready.  Terentia invites Pomponia and Atticus' mother.  Cicero requests Theophrastus' On Ambition from Quintus' library.

#24.  Antium, early August, 59.  Clodius is going on embassy to Tigranes.  Atticus asked for Cicero to work on Geography.  Cicero expects himself to have something to show for his absence from politics. He plans to be at Formiae or Pompeii by the Kalends.  He expresses concern for the wall at Quintus' house.

#25.  Antium, just after 24.  59.  Cicero faces the possibility of embassy to Alexandria for Ptolemy XII.  Cicero is spending time with the muses and loves it.

#26.  Antium, after 25.  59.  Cicero may not be able to produce literature.  He is enjoying himself so much.  He reads or counts the waves.  Partly because it is not good weather for fishing.  He enjoys Antium because no one knows about problems in Rome.

#27.  Antium, after 25. 59. Cicero promises to have something to show for his vacation.  Pompey and Crassus quietly pass a Lex Curiata to make Clodius a pleb.  Cicero sees danger in this.  Cicero says that he will not forget what Atticus said about Amalthea.

#28.  Antium, April 16, 59.  Servants lost the letters which Atticus wrote to Cicero.  Cicero remarks that Atticus' letters are useful and charming.  The Ist Triumvirate is in play.  Cicero goes to Formiae on Pariles, then leave Formiae May 1, then to Antium on the 3rd, then Tusculum, then Arpinum, then Rome by June 1.

#29.  Antium April 16, 59.  Cicero waits more news from Rome about Clodius and his moves.  Cicero disgusted at laws ignored by Vatinius and Caesar.  People may have disliked domination of the Senate under Cicero but just wait for their reaction at three men running everything.  Cicero will return to Antium from Formiae.  From Antium to Tusculum.

#30.  Tres Tabernae, April 19, 59.  Cicero disgusted at way Clodius was made a pleb.  What a joke.  He met Curio at Trest Tabernae.  Cicero learned that Clodius is to run for Tribune.  Atticus urges Cicero to write.  Atticus made favorable comments about Dicaearchus.  This letter was written at 4 PM.

#31.  Forum Apii, April 20, 59.  Cicero will not attend the games at Antium because it may give the impression of pleasure seeking.  He is going to Formiae.

#32.  Formiae, April 23, 59.  News slow to reach Cicero here.  Quotes Odyssey:  9.27 when referring to Arpinum.

#33.  Formiae, April 24, 59.  Formiae= Laestrygonian Telepylus.  People here are disgusted with Triumvirs.  Cicero has been studying.

#34.  Formiae, April 26, 59.  Pompey will be shocked to see his reputation on the tank.  Atticus urges Cicero to compose.  But Cicero cites the constant stream of visitors.  These may annoy but Cicero clearly does not dismiss.

#35.  Formiae, April28, 59.  Cicero not impressed with Bibulus holding up elections.  Cicero clearly here and in previous letters not personally concerned with Publius' tribunate bid.

#36.  Formiae, April 29, 59. Caesar's agrarian law in the works.  Cicero has concerns for Campanian domain.  Pompey's stand?  He has quibbled, fence walked, straddled in so many issues that little room is left him.  Cicero has thrust himself into study.

#37.  Formiae after 32, 59.  Cicero and Atticus note that Pompey is looking for dominance: i.e.- the new marriage, the three have another goal in view.  Cicero will discuss matters at Arpinum, May 10.

#38.  Rome, June 59.  Campanian Law passed.  Contains requirement for oath by any candidate.  Laterensis withdrew from tribune bid rather than take the oath.  Caesar offers Cicero Commissionship, also offered Free Commission.  But Cicero does not want to be out of Rome when his brother returns.

#39.  Rome, July 7-14, 59.  Cicero upset about Statilius' manumission.  Triumvirs unpopular to the extreem.  People protest but have no power to act.  At plays Pompey is hammered.  Caesar entered theater and no one clapped.  But Curio received an ovation. Diphilus (actor):  "To our misfortune you are great".  Publius threatens.  Caesar offers Cicero to be on his staff.

#40.  Rome, circa July, 59.  Pompey says that Clodius will attack Cicero over his dead body.

#41.  Rome, July 25 (?), 59.  The Republic is in deep trouble.  Much of what has been done by Triumvirs was to get Cato.  It has ruined Rome.  Pompey is hammered without pause.  Cicero worries that these guys when frustrated will get violent.  Caesar gives a speech against Bibulus- not well received.  Clodius is dangerous but Pompey says he has Cicero's back.

#42.  Rome, August, 59.  Clodius attacks this, that and bounces all about.  Pompey told Cicero that he told Clodius to leave Cicero alone.  Cicero has kept low, house is thronged, busy in courts.  He needs to find out Clodius' plans.

#43.  Rome, August, 59.  Cicero dictates this letters as he walks because he is so busy.  Pompey regrets his position.  Clodius threatens too.

#44.  Rome, August, 59.  The plot against Pompey's life.  Vettius, the informer.  The next day Caesar brings him to the Rostra and he changes those whom he accused of the plot.

#45.  Rome, September, 59.  The Republic is not healthy.  Cicero builds defense via courts, associations and meetings.

#46.  On route, March 22, 58.  Cicero exiled.  Needs to make plans.

#47.  On route, March 22, 58.  Mad, depressed, sees no hope.

#48.  Nares Lucanae, March 27, 58.  Difficult to find safe routes, places to stay.

#49.  Vibo, April 3, 58.  Canged course for Brundisium.  Can not stay at Malta.  Must be 400 miles from Rome.

#50.  Thurii, April 6, 58.  My enemies have robbed me of my things but not myself.

#51.  Near Tarentum, April 17, 58.  Perhaps he will go to Asia.

#52.  Brundisium, April 29, 58.  Depressed, angry, feels abandoned.  Realizes those who failed to back him up out of jealousy.

#53.  Thessalonica, May 29, 58.  Trying to meet Quintus.  Cicero worries about Quintus being prosecuted.  Cicero feels betrayed by Hortensius.

#54.  Thessalonica, June 13, 58.  Cicero could not bring himself to meet Quintus.

#55.  Thessalonica, June 17, 58.  Reviews his incredible misfortune that he feel from such a great height with such a good case.

#56.  Thessalonica, June 27, 58.  Cicero has hope.

#57.  Thessalonica, July 17, 58.  Matters are going through the Senate but Cicero sees many obstacles.  Then the speech leaked out he wrote against Curio and Clodius.

#58.  Thessalonica, July 21, 58.  He has not left Thessalonica, he awaits news.

#59.  Thessalonica, August 5, 58.  Cicero's chances seem to fade.  There is hope in the new tribunes designate.  Atticus tells Cicero he is of sound mind.

#60.  Thessalonica, August 17, 58.  Rumors are about that Cicero has lost his mind.  There is no one here to talk to.  Cicero reviews his feelings of loss and abandonment.  Cicero regrets leaving Rome.  Cicero discusses Clodius' opposition, the difficulty of getting things done, concern for return of property, Cicero blames himself.

#61.  Thessalonica, August 19, 58.  His hopes rise and fall.

#62.  Thessalonica, September 4, 58.  Worries of Quintus being prosecuted.  He appreciates everything Atticus does for his family.

#63.  Thessalonica, September 10, 58.  Pompey takes hand in the matter and Quintus supports.

#64.  Thessalonica, September 15, 58.  Cicero plans to go to Epirus, Atticus makes Cicero hopeful.  Cicero knows he was betrayed.

#65.  Thessalonica, October 5, 58.  Caecilius died giving Atticus his name.  Cicero very happy.  Cicero knows he has been hard on Atticus.  Concerned about details of the language of Sestius' Bill for his recall.

#66.  Thessalonica, October 28, 58.  Keep me informed.

#67.  Thessalonica, November 16, and Dyrrachium, November 25, 58.  Plancius has been very supportive.  Lentulus, Pompey and others are helping.

#68.  Dyrrachium, November 29, 58.  Details of Tribune bills both old and new.  Cicero gives Atticus specific suggestions on improvement for wording.

#69.  Dyrrachium, December 10, 58.  Cicero wanted an honest update on political maneuvering concerning his recall.

#70.  Dyrrachium, December 15 (?), 58.  Depressed again as he loses hope.  Worries about appearing ungrateful.

#71.  Dyrrachium, January 15(?), 57.  Now appears that things are going through the Senate.

#72.  Dyrrachium, early February, 57.  Depressed for the recall law before the Assembly was blocked by Clodius gang.  Quintus almost killed in the riots which followed.

#73.  Rome, September 10, 57.  Cicero is back.  General situation- pleased, recovered prestige, authority in Senate, influence.  Account of his return:

Left Dyrrachium August 4.

Landed at Brundisium August 5.

Tullia was there- it was her birthday.

August 11- at Brundisium via Quintus of Centuriate vote.

Rome- returns via Porta Capena- people all over temple steps.

September 5- speech of thanks

September 7- Clodius stirs up grain shortage problem- Cicero speech appoints Pompey to handle matter.

September 8- Senate meets- measures passed- Pompey to handle grain

Cicero soon will hear Pontiffs decision about his house

#74.  Rome, beg of October, 57.  More news of problems.  Battles over his house.  September 29 was his speech to Pontiffs.  Eagerly awaited by younger set.  

October 1- thrust and parry in Senate to settle matters.  Clodius atttempts to filibuster- he is shouted down.

October 2- Senate passes measure

Cicero's house and Catullus' portico to be restored. Palatine and Tusculum and Formiae house valued.  

Cicero on Pompey's commission but Cicero hopes to run for Censorship.  Cicero thinks he will put Tusculum up for sale.

#75.  Rome, November 22, 57.  

November 3 Clodius' men attack Cicero's house under construction on Palatine.  Catullus' portico destroyed.

November 11- Clodius attack Cicero on Via Sacra

November 12- Clodius attacks Milo's house but was beaten off by Q. Flaccus.

November 19-  Milo to campus before midnight- much rioting

November 22- Cicero writes this letter 2 am.

#76.  Rome, January 28, 56.  Cicero looks forward to Atticus' visit.

#77.  Arpinum, April 14, 56. Cicero asks Atticus to post guards at his house.

#78.  Antium, June 20, 56. Tyrranio has arranged Cicero library- these must those left from Clodius looting at Tusculum(?).

#79.  Antium, after 78, 56.  Cicero calls this area nothing quieter, nothing cooler, nothing more charming.

#80.  Antium after 79, 65.  Atticus bugged that Cicero sent De Consularibus Provinciae to Pompey first.  Cicero is taking new line for better security to allign himself with Pompey and Caesar.  Cicero's house once belonged to Catullus.  Atticus' people painted Cicero's library. 

#81.  Antium, end of June, 56.  Chatty.

#82.  Antium/Tusculum, November 17, 56.L.Domitius failed to gain Consulship.  Pompey and Crassus elected Consuls.

#83.  Cumae, April 19, 55.  Cicero says politics is a mess.  If I say what I should about the Republic I am crazy, if what is necessary as a slave, if silent, oppressed.  Atticus asked Cicero to write something dedicated to Hortensius.

#84.  Cumae, April 27, 55.  I am feeding of Faustus' library.  As Rome is a mess, literature is my salvation.  I long to sit on that seat beneath Aristotle's bust and take a walk.  Instead he walks with Pompey.

#85.  Naples, April 27, 55.  Meeting with Pompey.  Off to Pompeii.

#86.  Tusculum, June 26, 55.  Reading and reading.

#87.  Tusculum, November 15/16, 55.  Crassus left for Syria.  Cicero is busy with De Oratore.  

#88.  Cumae or Pompeii, Mid May, 55.  Cicero plans to use Atticus' library.

#89.  Rome, July 1, 55.  Cicero is planning a book with Varro in it.  Caesar's building progress in Campus Martius. Discussion of De Republica.  Legal battles.  Paulus' basilica almost done-  Cicero says it is beautiful.

719. De Officiis I by Marcus Tullius Cicero

719.  De Officiis, bk I by Marcus Tullius Cicero.  Cicero writes this for his son, Marcus, who was studying in Athens.  Cicero quickly makes the point that knowledge (scientia) goes hand in hand with examples.  What better place than Athens to be reminded of examples of great people?  But Cicero's caution in urging his son to study helps to make this piece universal.  What parent would not want the same?  So again, as Cicero so often does, his intro/setting has more than what meets the eye.

Cicero suggests that his son's Latin will improve by reading his father's philosophical works.  It does not seem that this is bragging so much as honesty- for Cicero yields to others superiority in philosophy but in terms of speaking clearly, suitably and elegantly- that is Cicero's own.  It is clear from this that Cicero is using this to combine philosophy and thought with style.  For him these are inseparable.

All aspects of a good life are intertwined

What topic should he select for his son?  Duties seem to have the widest possible application. Here is an example of his gentle style:

…in eoque colendo sita vitae est honestas omnis et neglendo turpitudo.

= and in cherishing duty all that is morally good of life has been placed and in neglecting duty all that is wrong.

To add force to his comment Cicero places vitae in the midst of the verb sita est.

Every philosophical system lays down precepts for duty.  The only philosophical system which can establish rules of conduct are those which say that moral goodness (honestum) is worth seeking for its own sake or especially.

Cicero intends to follow the Stoic system- not as a translator for he intends to draw from his own well.

But first duty must be defined.  This part of the passage is missing but the Loeb edition suggests:

Everything which is done using reason is an officium.  So for Cicero officium (duty/obligation) is applying reason to actions taken.  Officium combines thought and action.

There are two parts to duty:

1.  The supreme good or the greatest good

2.  guiding rules for conduct

Cicero will primarily cover number 2 in this work, but first will make an argument for 1.

There are two categories for duty: medium and perfectum.  Medium are those which are ordinary or neutral but perfectum is an obligated duty which is called morally right (rectum).  In other words there are some things which we do which has no moral consequence- such as whether to buy a bagel or sour dough (medium).  Some acts, such as whether to abide by an agreement, carry the weight of moral goodness (perfectum).

Panaetius, a stoic philosopher, says that deliberation (deciding what to do) is 3 fold:

1.  Must decide whether an act is morally right or wrong

2.  Then ponder if the planned act is for their own benefit/advantage

3.  Then ponder when what they want to do seems to conflict with what is morally right (honorable).

Cicero adds:

4.  Of two morally right plans which is superior?

5.  Of two advantageous plans which is more advantageous?

Every animal looks to its own survival and avoids what appears harmful, each seeks the means for survival: food, shelter, etc.  Every animal desires to produce young and provides some kind of care for these.  Cicero differentiates between animals and humans:  animals are moved by their sense and possess little grasp of the future.  Humans possess reason which perceives the causes of things, consequences, cause and effect, compares similarities and applies these to the present situation and views the whole course of life and makes preparation for living it.

Nature by this power of reason unites human to human both by the alliance of speech and fellowship of life, she instills a love of offspring, nature persuades humans to be part of and engaged in meetings and festivals.  Because of these interests, Nature makes a human eager to provide for food for self, children, family.  This produces courage.

The pursuit of truth is peculiar to humans.  When obligations are fulfilled, humans want to learn and humans consider it contemplation necessary to live well.  This activity allows humans to learn what is true and genuine.  The desire of truth produces an appetite for independence.  As a result, a well trained mind desires to obey no one except to be obedient to someone who is teaching or for practical reasons top someone giving orders.  From this pursuit of truth comes enhanced understanding of life and scorn for problems of life.

Humans alone possess a sense of order, existence and restraint in word and deed.  All animals possess sight but only humans perceive beauty, charm, harmony.  From this has developed a sense that order, beauty, harmony must be observed in our plans and actions by our very nature.  And Nature makes us beware of doing anything in a weak or wimpy manner and to do what we do with forethought.  This is moral goodness- to access our nature, search for truth and live by those high standards determined by our human traits.

Moral goodness arrises from one of these four:

1.  Perception of the truth (Truth)

2.  In guarding society, a faithful execution of reasoned justice (Justice)

3.  In courage (Courage)

4.  In moderation/restraint (Temperance)

Truth- The pursuit of truth produces good sense and wisdom.  The other three virtues have to do with protecting society, increasing wealth and not placing too much value on things.  These require physical activity in addition to mental.  By pursuing these humans will preserve moral goodness.

The pursuit of truth is closely connected to human nature.  Two faults just be avoided:

1.  We must not assume that we know what we do not know.

2.  We should not devote too much time to useless things.

If our studies draw us away from a life active in community/society, this is wrong.  Why?  Every virtue consists in action.  We may be drawn away but only temporarily.  Our minds toil even when we are unaware.

Last three virtues require thinking by which union of humans is maintained.

Justice- We should do harm to no one, unless provoked, use common things for common purposes and private things for private purposes.  But Cicero fully realized that in Nature there is no such thing as private property.

As Plato said we were born not just for ourselves but our country claims a part and family and friends.  All animals have been created for human benefit but humans have been created for humans.

The rock of justice is good faith.  There are two kinds of injustice- inflicting wrong and doing nothing to stop injustice.  Sometimes wrongs are committed when an individual figures that if he does not cause harm, the other will do it first.  But most harm is caused by greed.  Greed places great store in objects of expense and produces a desire for more money.  Ambition for power and office and fame causes forgetfulness of justice.  The more talent that a person possesses and the more ambition, the more carefully such a person must be.

Premeditation is far worse than a a crime committed on the spur of the moment.

Plato said that philosophers because the pursue truth are just.  True says Cicero and they do no direct harm but they abandon those they should protect.  Plato- philosophers should participate in political life only is forced.  Cicero- it is more just to participate voluntarily for it is right only of done of free will.

What about those who only attend to their affairs? They abandon the partnership of life because they make no effort with the means they have.  It is difficult to know when to get involved.  If there is any doubt, it is best to do nothing for we know when it is the right thing to do.

Duty changes as situations emerge.  Thus it is not right to keep all promises.  For example I may promise to return an item when requested and under most circumstances should do so.  However, if a demand is made for the return and it is felt that the item may be used to cause harm, it should not be returned.

Cleverness in law in order to dupe is condemned.  

Some duties exist on our part toward others who have wronged us.  There must be a limit to punishment.

War is only justified when discussion is not possible and we can not live in peace without it.  There are strict rules of engagement with the enemy and who it is that can fight the enemy.

Generosity is part of justice.  There is a caution here- must not harm the person upon whom we bestow the kindness or to others.  Kindness should not exceed our resources, should be geared to what the received deserves.  Whoever does harm in act of giving or harms another in order to generous to others is bad news.  

Many think that whoever robs one to benefit another that these will seem kind to friends.  This is contrary to duty for generosity should harm no one.  Sulla's and Caesar's transfer to someone of money rightfully belonging to someone else is not generosity nor justice. 

We should not be so generous that we give away what should be for relatives and such generosity leads to taking what belongs to them.

The person receiving the kindness needs to be assessed in terms of character and what they have done for us.

We do not live among perfect people, therefore should admire those who display indication of virtue.  The more someone displays a sense of reserve, restraint, justice, the more affection we should feel.  Cicero does not list courage in anyone who has not attained a sense of the other three virtues.  For courage without the other three is merely a mark of impetuosity.

We do not measure kindness by intensity but by its consistency.  No duty is more important than showing gratitude.

There are two kinds of generosity

1.  Giving a kindness

2.  Returning one

A spur of the moment generosity does not carry same responsibility for requital as that which has been thought out carefully. As regards someone who deserves it, the more they are in need, the more they should receive.  Most people help those from whom they hope to receive the most, even though those have little need. The union of people is best served by conferring kindness on those closest.

The essence of society is bound up in the characteristics of human nature.  The fundamental characteristics of human nature is speech and reason.  Teaching, learning, conversation, argument, decisions join human to human.  Thus in a way, society is natural.  Private property is just that but all else is that shared among fellow humans.

Whatever kindness can be given without personal loss should be given:  to share water right, fire, good advice.  There should be contributions to as many people as possible as long as the present generosity does not impair future generosity.  There are shared things:  forum, temples, porticoes, roads, statutes, laws, courts, voting rights, associations, numerous contracts of business, etc. 

The reproductive instinct creates the first union- marriage.  Then children, house, things shared.  The family expands and there are cousins, 2nd cousins.  These expand to other houses, other marriages, connections.  This is the origin of the state.

Justice and generosity produce friendship which in a sense are modeled on those ties of family to family.  What could be more dear than country which makes all the above possible.  Only a monster would rend its fabric.  Country and friendship are closely connected.  Almost as though one cannot exist without the other.

Circumstances call upon different duties or obligations.  But no virtue is worth anything without use and practice.

The Stoic definition of fortitude- a virtue which fights for what is right.  Courage must be morally right to be true courage.  Courage without justice and love of truth is simple audacity.  Courage alone can produce a desire for pre-eminence.  In this is born a desire for conquest.  However much such a person excels in greatness of courage so much more that person is eager to be pre-eminent.  Whoever desires to be superior to all others has difficulty preserving a sense of equality which is essential for justice.  From this it happens that such people allow themselves to be restrained by debate, argument, public authority.  They want unlimited powers and to be superior by force rather than equal via justice, true courage and prevent injury.

Greatness of spirit manifests itself in deeds not fame.  Whoever claims greatness based on judgement of the inexperienced must not be classed among the great.  There are two parts to courage:  1.  to be above bad fortune. 2.  Brave deeds.  #2 is useful but #1 makes people great.

The life of philosophers and teachers are of great value to society but easier and safer.  But those who have no excuse are flawed for they exist only for themselves.  They fear the difficult more and the potential for rejection.  Those who possess talent have an obligation to use their ability for good. A leader/public official should conduct oneself with reserve, distain of ordinary human circumstance with a tranquil mind.  Those involved in guiding the state have need for ways to unbend the mind.  The goal should not be the office and its glory but an opportunity of being successful.  They should not lose heart at failure or be too confident because of eagerness.  Careful preparation must attend every endeavor.

Many think that war is the key to greatness.  It is not.  The story of Solon vs Themistocles is a valuable one.  Solon created the system which allowed Themistocles to achieve his success.  Weapons are useless without plan at home.  A lofty mind is not measured by bodily strength but by moral courage.  Moral goodness is in the care and contemplation of the mind.  A steady and calm mind should face every crisis.  Planning is less likely to contain mistakes when the mind is calm and collected. 

No leader foolishly exposes oneself to danger but yet is willing to commit to a calculated risk in a dangerous situation.  A leader must be willing to put oneself in danger rather than the state even if it entails losing the good will of the populace.  Personal pride must give way to the needs of the state.

Omnino qui rei publicae praefuturi sunt,  duo Platonis praecepta teneant, unum, ut utilitatem civium sic tueantur, ut, quaecumque agunt, ad eam referant obliti commodorum suorum, alterum, ut totum corpus rei publicae curent, ne, dum partem aliquam tuentur, reliquas deserant.

Whoever will be in charge of the state must operate by two precepts of Plato: one that they look out for the advantage of the citizens in such a way that whatever they do they forgetful of their own advantage base whatever they do on this, 2nd that look out for the needs of the whole state, in order that, while they protect one part, they may not abandon the rest.

Leaders must not listen to those who think that there must be serious anger with political enemies and give out that this is characteristic of a brave and courage person;  nothing is more praiseworthy, nothing more dignified in a great and outstanding person than a readiness to forgive and mildness.  Among a free people and in equality before the law, good nature and self control must be practiced in order that we should not stoop to harmful and hateful unpleasantness, if we should become angry either with people descending upon us at a bad time or asking questions rudely.

Snobbishness and haughtiness and arrogance should be avoided in a leader.  Must not succumb to flattery. 

Government service is most important but there are other ways to assist.  Helping friends, assisting projects.

The remaining part of moral goodness is what is commonly called temperance.  Cicero defines as modesty, the polish of life, temperance, and reserve and complete control of passions and restraint in all things.  The Latin word he chooses is decorum.  It in contrast to courage can not be separated from moral goodness.  The difference between moral goodness and decorum (temperance) is that moral goodness must exist before decorum can show itself. 

What decorum is is brought out in terms of the other three virtues:  truth, justice and courage.  I.e. to use reason and speech wisely and to act with consideration and deliberation, to examine what is true and care for it is proper- that is decorum.  Decorum is only evident in light of the other virtues.  Decorum can only be detected mentally.

There is a twofold description:

1.  Decorum is evident in moral goodness

2.  That decorum which pertains to each virtue individually- i.e. what is in harmony with what it is to be human.

Examples:  poets display decorum when a character in a play says what is appropriate for that character.  Nature has assigned to us what is decorum in light of those qualities peculiar to their being human. Modesty and restraint are part of being human and nature instructs these not to be neglected.  Thus decorum possesses a wide range of activity.  That aspect of duty which is decorum provides a road which leads to the harmony and preservation of a person's nature.  Thus truth will be preserved and the union of one human to another (justice) and courage.

The essence of decorum is in temperantia in which bodily movement and mental make up are connected.

There are two parts to the mind:

1.  Appetite which pulls us this way and that and

2. Reason which teaches what must be avoided and done.

When appetites prevail we loose that serenity and reserve which is so characteristic of human nature.  Why? Reason is the definitive characteristic of a human and appetite disturbs the natural arrangement that reason rules the appetite.  It is fine and dandy to play after all duties have been met.  Wittiness and cleverness are the goal but never crudity or rudeness.

Physical pleasure is ok but measured by usefulness for health not pleasure.

Humans are endowed by Nature with two aspects:

1.  Reason which separates us from animals and is the basis on which moral goodness rests.

2.  The peculiar characteristics of each person- some are serious, others jovial, etc.

Part of decorum is fitting one's personal personality to human nature. If there is something called decorum, then consistency not only in one's whole life but also in particular action for imitating the nature of someone else one can not preserve one's own decorum.  Each person must find a way to adjust their personality to their nature as Ajax and Odysseus.  We should be at least as consistent as actors who choose not the best plays but those most suitable to themselves.  

There are two more aspects to the nature of a person Cicero mentions in 107.  

3. That which arrises in a crisis and  

4. that which we choose for ourselves. 

 This should give an idea why propriety is difficult to nail down. Deciding what is the best course for our life is most difficult for that is done when we are young and immature.

The most powerful influence on the choice of life pursuit is Nature.  A person must remain consistent to their nature for that is part of the essence of decorum.  It is nice to follow a parent's footsteps but should avoid their faults.  May not be able to do so but can still pursue justice, fides, self control, etc.

There are different duties for each age of life.  Youth should model themselves after quality relatives and spend time with their elders. Older people put forth less labor but more thinking.  Living luxuriously should be avoided at all costs, particularly by older people.  Magistrates must understand that they represent the state and uphold its honor.  This propriety which Cicero discusses is evident in every word, deed, bodily movement and attitude.

The physical nature of a human body fits characteristics of Nature- nature covers what should not be public.  It is good to produce children but to use the word in public is obscene.  He uses actors as an example who make sure that their private parts remain private.

Not all paths are obvious.

There are two parts of beauty:

1.  Charm

2.  Dignity

These are maintained by good exercise. Self-control is essential to maintain both aspects of beauty. Propriety extends to speech in public and conversation.  The voice should be clear and musical.  This can manifest itself in varying ways with different people.  Rules for conversation are to be polite, not a hog, pleasant.  Even the choice of house should reflect its usefulness and dignity must be adorned by the house BUT one must not rely on the house.  The house should be made honorable by the owner.

Leaders need to be careful what impression their house presents.  People remember the lavash house of Lucullus but no one remembers the excellent qualities he had.

Three important principals:

1.  Appetite obeys reason.

2.  Match level of interest to importance of quest

3. Observe moderation

Stoic definition of modestia- knowledge of placing those things in their proper spot which are done and said.

Our conduct must be of such a kind that it is suitable and fitting just as in a quality speech.  Just as a harp even slightly out of tune is noticed maybe not by everyone but by those who know, so the conduct of our life must be in tune with our nature and propriety at all times.  We should watch to see how others react to these actions and model ours on what is accepted.  Just as a artist looks for approval from the public we should do the same.

The same license is not granted to all as was to someone like Socrates.  People like that created their own niche via reputation and fame.  We ought to cherish, protect the common association and union of all people.

Any job disliked generally should be avoided such as a tax gatherer.  Trade is ok if it benefits a large group.

All that is honorable is derived from one of these four:

1.  Cognitio (learning)

2.  Social ties

3. Courage

4. Restraint

The pursuit of justice is closer to Nature of a human than the acquisition of knowledge - this is his proof:

If a person could study as he/she wished but would have no human contact, he/she would die.  Wisdom, the pursuit of truth, is the foremost of the virtues but Prudence is the knowledge of choosing and avoiding.  Pursuit of truth is knowledge of divine and human things and in this is contained what brings understanding of humans/gods.  Pursuit of truth gives us knowledge but prudence puts it to use.  Knowledge is lame and unfinished if action is not a consequence.  Even if figuring out the answer to the origin of the universe, a person would drop everything to save one's country or friend.

Learning for learning's sake is selfish. Speech embraces a large community of people.  Just as bees cluster by nature to make a hive, so humans bring action and thought together because these are gregarious by nature.  That virtue which guides unions of association is more important than knowledge alone.

It is not true that we form human society because all of our wants can not be met by us alone.  If all needs of food and shelter were met and one could devote a life to study that person would desire to escape and be with people to share, teach, learn.

The greatest duty is that which directly protects society.  But is society always to be preferred over moderation?  No.

How to balance these four to achieve moral goodness but what do we do when there are two choices, both honorable?  Which of the two is more honorable?  Is an act planned base or honorable?