742. Cicero's Correspondence: A Literary Study by G.O. Hutchinson

742.  Cicero’s Correspondence: a literary study by G.O. Hutchinson.   This book is well worth a study.  Hutchinson makes the point that Cicero’s letters are crucial for so much concerning the Roman Republic.  Yet, what most scholars do today is plunder his letters for cultural and historical details.  Appreciation for these letters for their literary value is pretty much ignored.  Neglect of the literary aspect is due, the author believes, to the general neglect of prose.  Consequently many do not view letters as literature. (This was something I noticed, with a great degree of irritation, while in graduate school.) 

Cicero- Apsley House, London- the only surviving portrait labeled with his name.

Literary analysis can not ignore history nor can history ignore literary appreciation.  

Cicero himself suggests a division for letters:  informative, humor, consolation.  Cicero is aware of and reflects on the style required to meet the needs of the person he addresses.  As a result there is a wide differentiation of style required.  Apparently our man could do them all.  The use of rhythm varies according to his correspondent: those letters not to Atticus or Tiro or Terentia are almost all rhythmical.  

This pretty much smashes allegations that his rhythmical cadences were somewhat unconscious (as claimed by S. Bailey, for one) and for that matter the absence of rhythm does not indicate the absence of art.  

Letters to politicians display courtesy and friendliness, even to so-called tough guys.  The care in composition shows affection and interest. Letters have the intention to show sincerity to the reader using any number of devices:  sounds, word order, pleasantries, humor, etc.  

Hutchinson's first category:  Exile letters.

Cicero’s letters are often used to display his weakness of character and indicate that the letters are embarrassing, incoherent and random in structure.  Hutchinson says that this is not true.  He makes the case that his letters are demonstrations of powerful expressions.

Many scholars also claim that the letters display and abnormal personality and this shows his mercurial temper.  But most people do not take the time to appreciate how devastating the exile was not just to Cicero but to his brother, wife, daughter, son and household, the danger presented to his family. ( In fact his wife was actually manhandled to force any money which Cicero had left her.) 

His letters are not unusual.  Ovid, Catullus both wrote letters displaying deep emotion using forceful language.  Cicero’s behavior was not unusual either-  Quintus Metellus Celer, no wimp, put on mourning clothes in support of his brother whom he felt was mistreated by Cicero.

Ad Fam. xiv.4  A letter to Terentia is a tender letter of his love and affection set in powerful language.  The letter presents the problem of Terentia coming to see him in exile.  He takes great pains to make sure that she knows how much he cares for her but also is at pains to let her know that, if there is a chance for his recall, he would need her at Rome.   There is rhetorical skill at play in his efforts to say what he needs to say. 

Ad Att.  iii.7.  This letter is more controlled than the one to his wife.  There is some rhythm. Cicero takes care not to offend Atticus who had asked Cicero to stay at his villa in Epirus.  In this letter Cicero longs for isolation (while using a tricolon) in contrast to the letter to Terentia.  It makes sense that he is not going to write the same kind of letter to Atticus as to his family. In this letter he expresses his agony effectively.  He will not kill himself but living at the same time is a meaningless life.  Hutchinson seems to treat this in a way as a means for Cicero to express his anger/dismay,shock, depression.  Yet, does so, while in control of his mind.  A powerful alliteration (using “ms”) reveals his depth of feeling. 

Ad Quantum i.3  It is rhythmical and rhetorical and Cicero takes pains to explain himself to Quintus.  Cicero makes the point that out of love for Quintus he did not want to put him through the anguish of a meeting.  Some of the phrasing is also found in some speeches.  In this letter Cicero speaks of his son:

quem ego ferus et ferrus e complexu dimisi meo…

Whom I, hard and like iron, from my embrace sent away…

(Take the time to absorb the man's anguish.)

Cicero in this letter deals with a paradox: the emotions of a meeting and the danger to Quintus of prosecution.  He deals with this paradox to produce a sensible reason for his decision. 

It should be coming clear that Cicero adjusts his letters to the needs of the moment, the needs of the correspondent.

Consolation:

Cicero mentions in the Tusculan Disputations  (iii.73-79) that what is written must take into consideration the nature of the person addressed.

Ad Fam. v.16.  To Titius.  Titus lost children in a plague. Cicero artfully offers comfort.  He had waited to write because it was not considered to be in good taste to write about such things too soon..  Cicero uses self reproach to display sensitivity.  He uses “we” to join the two into a common mutual feeling.  All this via elegance.  Cicero discusses the common ground between philosophy and politics.  As an example he uses mors and immortalitas to combine the two possibilities of death.  

Ad Brutum i.9.  Cicero writes to Brutus on the death of Porcia, his wife.  Cicero treats Brutus as an authority on philosophy.  He uses philosophy to comfort his loss but suggests the need to serve the interests of the state (the crisis with Antony was in full swing).

Ad Fam. v.14.  This letter is from Lucius Lucceius.  He uses forceful language to jolt Cicero out of his misery. It is not done smoothly but it is forceful.  It is another example that not all people use the same technique and each used the approach that was felt best for the addressee.  

Ad Fam. iv. 5-6.  Servius Sulpicius Rufus to Cicero on the death of Tullia.  His view is rhetorical and meant to direct Cicero’s emotions.  He uses history immersed in personal experiences to make his case to minimize Cicero’s sadness.  Clearly Servius has a different approach than Cicero.  He should not be criticized for being different.  There are numerous ways to approach such a subject and each person, as Cicero suggests, should adapt to the nature of the addressee.  

These letters display a wide range of approach- all are different and all are valid.

(Perhaps the manner in which Brutus and Servius address Cicero tells us how open his personality was to such letters.- just a thought).

Narrative

The speeches show interest in using narrative to persuade and entertain.  The same is true for the letters.

Ad Fam.  x.30.  From Servius Sulpicius Galba, his report on the Battle of Forum Gallorum.  This letter was written so that Cicero could feel the uncertainty of battle as Galba experienced it.

Ad Fam.  xv.4  To Cato.  Cicero narrates the battle in Cilicia to persuade Cato to support the Supplicatio.  So the narrative is combined with rhythm and elegance to persuade.

Ad Atticum v.21.  This letter is about Scaptius/Brutus who together concocted a pretty dubious business deal.  Cicero here employs techniques found in plays by Terence.  This letter uses short clauses, historical infinitives to strengthen his case.  

Ad Fam. x.32.  From Pollio.  Pollio narrates the story of Balbus to help explain the difficulties he faces in Spain and does so artfully.

Dialogue

This was used in speeches and in the letters.  Cicero uses dialogue to describe and impact what he writes.

Ad Atticum v.1  Cicero uses dialogue and commentary to make the case for Quintus’ behavior and Pomponia’s lack of it.

Ad Atticum xv.11 This is, for me, a letter which always seemed greatly over used by historians as a hammer on Cicero’s personality.  Speakers in this letter are Servilia, Brutus, Cicero and Cassius.  They all were discussing problems facing them (final crisis of the Republic, recent death of Caesar).  As Cicero was talking Cassius butted in with very intense comment.  Then Brutus talks to Cicero in a very deferential way and with respect.  The contrast is meant to indicate that Cassius was rude.  Cicero even with Cassius and more so with Brutus shows humane conversational manner.  But when he addresses Brutus, he does not direct any of the conversation to Cassius.  Then later when Cicero and others were rehashing old missed opportunities, Servile breaks in and a shuts down Cicero.  He politely gives way and the conversation makes it clear that Servilia was out of line.  

It was fun to read this passage because most authors I have read put this whole thing down to something which made a fool out of Cicero.  Hutchinson does not see it that way at all.

It is worthwhile to quote Hutchinson:

Most important of all, they (the letters) show us how Cicero’s own verbal and personal sensitivity and his desire to persuade and be approved run through what he writes, and says, on every level.  Artfulness and art are never more apparent than when he seems merely to be playing back his mental tapes; but the artistry appears within his utterance as well as his narrative.  Nor is the urge to persuade cynical or amoral:  he wishes to show in himself, and those he commends, rectitude and restraint, good manners and good sense.  And his is driven, and wishes to to be seen as driven, by warm affection.

Time

Cicero’s references to the past, present and future force him to employ different kinds of thought in terms of the person addressed. The passage shows the complexity of thought which these letters have.

Humor

The use of humor shows that the correspondent is trusted.  Joking is used to put both in the same room.

Ad Fam. vii.18  to Trebatius.  It is clear from this letter that Trebatius treats Cicero with deference.  And Cicero teases Trebatius as an older man to a younger person.  Cicero uses humor to encourage their friendship.

Humor is handled in different ways with different people.  Cicero clearly enjoyed a variety of form and yet always managed to make clear his personal feelings.  He used humor as he did everything else- to be expressive.

Now I know why Atticus and Tiro published these letters- they saw in these examples of great literary value and examples for imitation and examples for despair that many people meet in life.  It is mostly in modern culture that we seem so smug in judging others.  Kind of weird that antiquity grasped this with ease, yet we have so much trouble with this.  I wonder if some of this is due to the massive fractionalization and specializing which has occurred in education.  

Here are some problems:

Hutchinson creates confusion by consistently setting up discussion for a particular letter only to write on and on about other letters, until finally addressing the letter at hand.  There are times he could be more succinct and clear by avoiding language which fails to make it clear.  Often a simple clear statement is all that is needed. 

723. Letters to Atticus, volume 2 by Cicero

723.  Letters To Atticus Vol II by Cicero, Loeb.  

90.  Rome, July 27, 54.  Politics in Rome- the big three care less about corruption but butchering a paterfamilias was not approved.  Cicero asked to handle case about water problems at Reate.  He seems to know about such things.  Playful joke about an actor's performance.  Bribery is so rampant that interest rates have risen.  Except in the case of Tribunes.  All candidates made a pledge to Cato to forfeit a deposit if candidacy is improperly conducted.  Cicero is busy in court.

91.  Rome, October 1, 54.  Consul scandal- sitting consuls formed pact with two candidates to arrange deals if elected.  Cicero wrote this letter before daybreak.

92.  Rome, October 24- November 2, 54.  The trials of Gabinius who is under one indictment after the next.  The Republic is a mess but Cicero is enjoying his case work.

93.  Rome, end of November, 54.  Hints of dictatorship in the air, bribery is common.

94.  Minturnae, May 5/6, 51.  Cicero is on his way t his province.  Cicero hopes that Atticus can make sure the loan from Caesar can soon be repaid. Problems with Pomponia.

95.  Pompeii, May 10, 51.  On his way from Pompeii to Trebula area.  Cicero hopes to prevent any extension to his term.  Cicero writes this before daybreak.  Soon will make his way to Beneventum.

96.  Near Trebula, May 11, 51.  Stayed at Pontius' place.  Needs to know the political rumors from Atticus.

97.  Beneventum, May 12, 51.  Working with Atticus to tidy up things in Rome.

98.  Venusia, May 15, 51.  Written early in the morning.  Cicero will report later on about his talk with Pompey.

99.  Tarentum, May 19, 51.  Reminds Atticus about repaying loan to Caesar.

100.  Tarentum, May 22, 51.  Cicero spends three days with Pompey who convinces Cicero that he will back the Republic.

101. Brundisium, June2, 51.  Cicero has not felt well.  He is waiting for Pomptinus.  Cicero has been trying to protect Milo's property.

102.  Actium, June 14, 51.  Plans to operate a very honest government.  He asks to make sure that his term is not extended.

103.  Athens, June 27, 51.  As government, while traveling, is not taking advantage of his powers.  Greeks are impressed.  Putting with rudeness but gives no details in the letter.  Enjoying Athens.  He stays with Aristus, head of the Academy.

104.  Athens, July 6, 51.  He displays restraint at every turn.  Cicero helps to preserve the house of Epicurus.

105.  Delos, Mid July, 51.  Took six days to get from Athens to Delos.  Difficult sailing.  He expresses concern for aqueduct at Tusculum.  He wrote this on the Aegean Sea.

106.  Ephesus, July 26, 51.  Welcomed by huge crowds at Samos and Ephesus.

107.  Tralles, July 27, 51.  On the road, dusty and hot.  No one is the poorer for Cicero's stay.

108.  Laodicea, August 3, 51.  Talks about how he misses the forum, Rome, home, friends.  Mentions obvious mismanagement by Appius.  He needs to be kept informed of matters in Rome.

109.  Between Synnada and Philomelum, August 14, 51.   Wrote this letter on the side of the road.  Spent time in Laodicea, Apamea and Synnada.  Beginning to hear of the desperate condition of the province.  As people hear of Cicero's decency and good sense, they flock to his presence.

110.  On the road, August 15, 51.  Dictates this letter en route.  Cicero's methods have been praised.  His staff is excellent.  The children have been left with Deiotarus for safety.

111.  Camp near Cybista, September 20, 51.  Partthians on the move.  Heading toward Cyrrhestica, which is very near to Cicero's province.  Army is small but very loyal.  Cicero is very popular among the locals.  Boys are with Deiotarus.

112.  Camp at Cybistra, September 21, 51.  A letter from Atticus took 46 days to go from Rome to Cicero.  Attica was born and Atticus adores her.  Details of troop movements in Cilicia and capture of Pindenissum.

113.  Camp at Pindenssum, December 19, 51.  Pindenssinum surrendered.  Cicero makes jokes.  Saluted as General.  Cicero promises to keep staff clean.  Keeping Quintus on tight rein.

114.  Laodicea, February 13, 50.  Concerns about the Parthians.  Cicero and staff are very conservative concerning expenditures.  He asks for nothing from the towns.  Brutus in business with creditors in Cyprus.  He used his association to get Cicero to have Cyprus pay what was owed.  Cicero refused to grant power to one of Brutus' associates to force money out of them.  Cicero ordered the troops out.  Brutus was clearly in the grasp of greed and Cicero was not impressed.

115.  Laodicea, February 20, 50.  Appius, previous governor, is bugged with Cicero's methods.  Because they make him look bad.Appius' agents claim Cicero is being honest in order to make Appius look bad.  Brutus told Cicero that the Salaminians on Cyprus owed his friends money.  Actually these were agents for Brutus.  Brutus is not pleasant toward Cicero in his lettters.  He sounds like a pushy rich kid, entitled.  Cicero has good things to sday of other governors.  Cicero uses his charm to get the tax farmewrs to lower the taxes.  Gossip- in P. Vedius' lugggage 5 portraits of women.

116.  Laodicea, End of April, 50.  Domestic problems between Quintus and Pomponia.  Cicero writes of the quality of his administration.  He rises before dawn.  People are impressed at his accessibility.  Still more about Brutus and Salaminians.  Atticus asked Cicero to send 50 soldiers to do Brutus' bidding.  Cicero was shocked.  Wrote this letter before dawn.  Crowds gather to see Cicero.

117.  On way to Tarsus, May/June 50.  Cicero worries about whom to leave in charge.  No successor has been appointed.  More of Brutus' associates:  rude, impolite, pushy.  Brutus' letters have been pushy, rude, arrogant and unappreciative.

118.  On the way, June, 50.  Concerns about Terentia's business activities.

119.  On Pyramus, June 25/26, 50.  More on Terentia, problems with Parthians.

120.  Tarsus, July, 50.  Tiro left sick at Issus.  General comments on province, brother and Terentia.

121.  Side, August 3, 50.  Tullia is engaged to Dolabella.  Hortenius is dying.  Cicero leaves Coelius in charge of province.  Mentions possible Triumph.

122.  Ephesus, October 1, 50.  Looming political problems in Rome. Thoughts on potential Triumph.

123.  Athens, October 15, 50.  Atticus is not well.  Cicero could tell by handwriting.  Rumors about Caesar's troop movements.

124.  Athens, October 16, 50.  The looming political battle between Pompey and Caesar.  Cicero explains why he became close friends with Caesar via Pompey.  Cicero sees no room for fence sitting.  Staff expects Cicero to distribute expenses allowed to them.  Instead he returns the money to the Treasury.  He now begins to think of political advantages of seeking a Triumph.

125.  Brundisium, November 25, 50.  His line of poetry:

flavit ab Epiro lenissimus Onchesmites

This even amidst political crisis.  Atticus has been ill.  Tiro left sick at Patrae.  Atticus is enjoying his daughter.  Discussion of love of children is part of nature.  Without this there can be no ties between one human and another.  Atticus met with Pompey who made very favorable remarks about Cicero.  Hortensius died.  Cato was married.  His wife divorced and married Hortensius.  Hortensius dies.  She marries Cato again.  Cicero irritated about Cato's  attitude toward Cicero's success as governor.

126.  Near Trebula, December 9,  50.  Cicero glad he has returned to see what good he can do in this crisis.  Cicero balances his part of independent statesman and his bid for Triumph.  Review of Caesar's treatment of Cicero and other close associates.  Section is stuffed with info much of which is obscure.  Cicero says that two men battle for their own power to the detriment of the state.  When Caesar was Consul he cared nothing for the Republic.  Cicero was not helped leading up to his exile.  Caesar's command was extended.  His candidacy for Consulship was granted in absentia.  Caesar is a man very bold, very ready to do anything surrounded by those condemned in courts, afflicted with disgrace, youth and rabble, he has no cause but is loaded with everything else.  Caelius has changed sides.  Cicero disappointed.  Cicero- his staff has been good.  But some problems with Quintus.  He hoped for profit.  Cicero talked him out of it.  Discusses the correct grammatical use of Piraeus.  He finds Tullia's new husband charming.

127.  Cumae, December 13, 50.  Praise for Dionysius.  Met with Pompey for two hours.  Pompey sees war coming.  But Cicero can not believe that Caesar would jeopardize his 2nd Consulship.

128.  Formiae, Mid December, 50.  Always glad to hear from Atticus.  Does not plan to go to Tusculum as it is out of way for people visiting.  

December 29- to Terracina, then to someplace in the Pomptine Marshes. then Pompey's place at Alba, then Rome January 3 for his birthday.  Cicero reports that everyone he talks to wants peace.  Cicero- it is too late to oppose someone we have nourished against us for ten years.

129.  Formiae, December 18, 50.  Worries about political situation.  Everyone wants to grant Caesar's request rather than war.   In his heart he feels that any concession is worth it if war is avoided but in the Senate he will support Pompey to whom Cicero owes his recall.

130.  Formiae, December 19, 50.  January 2 Cicero does not want to visit Pompey because it would add difficulties to Pompey's household as it would be the Compitalia.  Looks as though Triumph plans are shaping up.  Talk of sending Cicero to Sicily as military commander.  But Cicero observes that he has no orders from the Senate.  Cicero sees a weak Senate which has left the state rudderless.  Where are the Boni?  He asks.  Cicero never liked granting Caesar the right of in absentia while holding command.  But this is better than war.  Too late to oppose him.  Time to stop writing as lamp is going down.

131.  Formiae, December 25/26, 50.  Dionysius talks about Cicero behind his back.  At Lavernium Cicero met Pompey.  Back to Formiae.  Long talk.  Pompey says he does not want peace for to cave to Caesar's request wold destroy the constitution.  Both read a speech by Marcus Antonius attacking Pompey.  Pompey remarked how will Caesar behanve when this nobody talks like this?

132.  Formiae, December 27, 50.  One of Cicero's letters was lost when Quinctus was robbed at Basilus' Tomb on the Via Appia near Rome.  Cicero luists possibilities:  

1.  Caesar runs for office and keeps his army by will of Senate or Tribunes.

2.  Caesar may be persuaded to hand over province and become Consul.

3.  If not, election without his candidacy without his oppoosition and retain province.

4.  If he opposes there will be an interregnum.

5.  If he marches we must fight.

But Pompey opposes Caesar to hold army and run for office.

133.  Outside Rome, January 18, 49.  Upon the rumor of Caesar advancing to Rome, many leave.  The process reveals that Pompey is not prepared.

134.  Formiae, January 21, 49.  Caesar has crossed the Rubicon.  Cicero is shocked.  Caesar says he does this top protect his honor (dignitas)  Where is dignitas without moral goodness (honestas)?  Cicero is shocked that Pompey abandoned Rome.  Cicero is charged with recruitment in Campania.

135.  Formiae, January 22, 49.  No one knows what Pompey is up to.  Cicero saw Consul Lentulus, no plan.  Pompey is going south to get troops.  Labienus left Caesar but enters an empty Rome.  

136.  Mintunae, January 23, 49.  Labienus is a hero.  Piso rejects Caesar. 

"Bellum' civile … non ex civis dissensione sed ex unius perditi civis audacia… tenet multos spe et promissis, omnia omnium concupivit.

Complains of Pompey's poor performance.  Rumor is that Pompey is in a panic:  e portu sine gubernaculis egressi tempestate nos traderemus.

Worries  about what to do with families for their sake and political reasons.  Mentions Peducaeus.

137.  Minturnae, January 24, 49.  On the 23 rd saw L. Caesar at Minturnae (Caesar's go between with Pompey).  Pompey left Teanum on way to Larinum, staying at Venafrum.  Cicero wonders about Domitius.  Thermus in Iguvium and P. Attius at Cingulum.  This letter was dictated as Cicero suffered from eye inflammation.

138.  Cales, January 25, 49.  Heading for Capua.  L. Caesar brought terms to Pompey.  Approved by Pompey, but Pompey asked Caesar's troops to withdraw.    Cicero has hopes.  Cicero to meet Pompey at Capua.  Worries about family.  Wonders what Sextus is going to do.

139.  Capua, January 26, 49.  Cicero met the Consuls, many Senators.  All hope that Caesar will withdraw troops, even Cato.  Most do not trust Caesar but Cicero hopes he will do so.

  

140.  Cales, January 28, 49.  Pompey hopes to return to Rome.  Convinced by Labienus of Caesar's weakness.  Consuls plan to meet again February 5.

141.  Formiae, February 2, 49.  L. Caesar on way to Caesar with Pompey's reply.  Cicero bugged that Pompey let Sestius write the document as Pompey is a fine letter writer.  Trebatius from Caesar wrote Cicero asking him to stay near Rome.  Cicero replies to Trebatius that he was at his properties and had not undertaken troop recruitment.

142.  Formiae, February 3, 49.  Cicero's wife and daughter arrive at Formiae.  Cicero knows that during this peace negotiation, Caesar has been preparing for war.  Dionysius has betrayed Cicero.

143.  Formiae, February, 49.  Cicero's hopes that Caesar accept terms are dashed.  

144.  Capua, February 5, 49.  Arriv ed at Capua in pouring rain.  Consuls have not a clue what to do.  Hint that Pompey intends to leave Italy.  Cicero shocked.   Cicero has no idea what kind of despot Caesar will be.

145.  Cales, February 8, 49.  Cicero sums up Pompey:   non animus, non consilium, non copiae.  Complete chaos.  Cicero puzzled what to do.

146.  Formiae, February 9, 49.  Cicero expects Pompey to leave.

147.  Formiae, February 10, 49.  Cicero informed that Domitius has strong army aided by Lentulus and Thermus.  But Cicero sees no hope.

148.  Formiae, February  11, 49.  Constant rumors of troop movement.

149.  Formiae, February 11/12, 49.  More rumors of the strength of Pompey's army.  Cicero does not believe. 

150.  Formiae, February 13, 49.  Cicero's spirit improved.  Good news of Domitius.  But his mistrust of Pompey makes him hesitate to oppose Caesar as Cicero knows that he would be thrown under the bus if they patched things up.

151.  Formiae, February 15/16, 49.  Cicero writes of a letter he received from Pompey asking Cicero to come to Luceria to be safe.  Cicero replies- he was not looking for the safest place.  Cicero urges Pompey to hold the sea coast for supplies.  He knows it was a waste of time.  But he puts his opposition to the abandonment of Italy on the record.  Cicero depressed with this lack of plan except to run.  Cicero will follow Pompey but only because he owes him.

152.  Formiae, February 17, 49.  Cicero sent Caesar a letter.  Pompey hopes Cicero will mediate.  Atticus suggests that Cicero should not have written to Caesar. Cicero replies I have to worry about what people will make up.  Cicero sees no signs of courage. Written by lamplight.

153.  Cales, February 18/19, 49.  If Pompey leaves Italy what should Cicero do?  Cicero's case:

Pompey helped restore Cicero.

Personal friendship

If he stays he comes under Caesar's control.

Cicero does not trust Caesar

Pompey has lacked wisdom in preparation

Pompey has not consulted Cicero

Pompey built up Caesar

He backed a dubious law.

added Transalpine Gaul to Caesar's command

married Julia

served as Augur for Clodius' adoption

no help in banishment

but had concern for recall

prolonged Caesar's command

kept guard for Caesar ion Rome.

pressed Tribunes to pass candidacy in absentia

opposed Marcellus when he proposedMarch 1 as end for Caesar's command

withdrew from Rome

flight

154.  Formiae, February 20, 49.  Cicero hopes Pompey will support Domitius but Pompey's letter seems to suggest otherwise.

155.  Formiae, February 21, 49.  If Pompey does not help Domitius, he has completely failed. Cicero does not think that he will help Domitius.

Famous line:

ego vero quem fugiam habeo, quem sequar non habeo.

156.  Formiae, February 22, 49.   Dionysius is bad news.  He dumped Cicero when his fortune turned.  Cicero has a ship ready.

157.  Formiae, February 22, 49.  Cicero does not trust Dionysius.

158.  Formiae, February 23, 49.  Corfinium has fallen after learning that Pompey would not come.

159.  Formiae, February 24, 49.  Cicero not impressed with Dionysius' visit.

160.  Formiae, February 25, 49.  The 24th Balbus visits Cicero with message for Lentulus with promose of province if he returns to Rome.  Cicero thinks that Lentulus will not accept.  Balbus said that Caesar would love to meet Pompey.  Cicero says oh yes but not to be reconcilled.  Balbus also tells Cicero that Caesar would be happy to liver under Pompey's domination.  Cicero- sure, right.

161.  Formiae, February 27, 49.  Cicero believes that great leaders looks to the interest of the people.  Something Pompey has never done.  Both have aimed at domination.  Cicero sees only severe damage to the Republic.  Cicero asks Atticus for Demetrius' of Magnesia On Harmony.  Cicero has a plan.

161A.  Luceria, February 10, 49.  Pompey to Cicero

161 B.  Formiae, February 15/16, 49.  Cicero to Pompey- defend Italy.

161C.  Canusium, February 20, 49.  Pompey to Cicero.  Tells him to come to Brundisium.  

161 D.  Formaie, February 27, 49.  Cicero to Pompey.  Cicero expresses disapproval of Pompey leaving Italy and lack of support for Domitius.  Cicero can see not safe way to reach Brundisium.  We are captives just like those at Corfinium.  He regrets not knowing Pompey's plan.  Cicero surprised that cause could not be maintained in Italy.  Cicero prefers peace to the mess the state now finds itself.

162.  Formiae, February 28, 49.  This letter was dictated and given to Fabius Gallus.  Cicero treads carefully as he did not want to come between Pompey and Caesar mutual offers of peace since each had an army.  Cicero second guesses what he should have done.  Still needs the books On Harmony.

162 A.  Luceria, February 18, 49.  Pompey to Cicero. Domitius should have come to Brundisium.

162 B.  Luceria, February 11, 49.  Pompey to Domitius.  Adandon Corfinium and come to Brundisium.

162 C.  Luceria, February 16, 49.  Pompey to Domitius.  Clear that Pompey will not help Domitius.

162 D.  Luceria, February 17, 49.  Pompey to Domitius.  It is a mistake to remain at Corfinium.

163.  Formiae, March 1, 49.  Letter dictated.  Hopefully Caesar will find Pompey at Brundisium and war will not expand.  Populace is beginning to fasvor Caesar because offers no threat.

164.  Formiae, March 2, 49.  All will be decided at Brundisium what will be the nature of the war.

165.  Formiae, March 3, 49.  Cicero worries about how angry each contestant is and what this portends for whoever in the winner.  Cicero's problem:  to stay is the wiser course, to leave Italy is the more honorable.  Both choices fraught with advantage and problems.

165 A.  Rome, March 1, 49.  Balbus to Cicero.  Asks Cicero to negotiate between Pompey and Caesar for intrigue has put them at odds.  He tells Cicero that nothing would please Caesar more.

720. Letters to Atticus vol I by Cicero, Loeb

Cicero, Quintus and Atticus by Richard Wilson

720.  Letters to Atticus, vol. 1 by Cicero, Loeb.

#1.  Rome 68, November.  Lucius died, Cicero is heart broken.  Peducaeus helped with business deal.  Cicero mentions Tusculum.  

#2.  Rome, 68.  Father died November 23.  Looking for objects for gymnasium.  Loves Tusculum.

#3.  Rome before February 13, 67.  Asks about library for Tusculum.

#4.  Rome, after February 13, 67.  Purchased Megarian marble statues, loves the pentalic Herm, bronze heads.  Looking for sculpture suitable for gymnasium and xystus.

#5.  Rome,March/April 67.  Waiting for Megarian statues and herms.  Looking for things suitable for Academy (Is this the name for his villa at Tusculum?)

#6.  Tusculum, May, 67.  Looking forward to statues and Heracles Herms.  Looking for things suitable for palaestra and gymnasium.  He is sitting in the gymnasium while writing this letter.  He is looking for typos (relief sculpture to be placed on a wall, carved well covers (puteolia).

#7.  Rome, August 67.  He is working hard to reconcile Lucceius to Atticus but unsuccessful.  Cicero is running for office.  He is excited about books and other items for Academy.

#8.  Rome, end of 67.  Awaits Atticus' return.  Statues which Atticus bought for Cicero are at Caieta.  Lucceius is still angry.  Tullia is engaged to C. Piso Frugi.

#9.  Rome, 1st half of 66.  Cicero, praetor, handles C. Macer's case and conviction.  Herm of Athena now in Academy, herms commonly found in such places.  Looking forward to other pieces.  These are at Formiae house.  Soon will be moved to Tusculum and will decorate Caieta later.  Hold the books until there is money to purchase.

#10.  Rome, just before July 17, 65.  His prospects for the consulship.  Other candidates - Caesar a shoe in- a curator of the Via Flaminia.  Cicero loves the Hermathena- it is the highlight of the gymnasium.

#11.  Rome, after #10.  65.  Marcus born.  Cicero may defend Catiline.  Cicero meets Atticus in Rome.

#12.  Rome, January 1, 61.  Problems with Antonius.  Clodius caught at Bona Dea.  At this point is a fun piece of gossip.  Sositheus, Cicero's reader, died.  Cicero very upset.

#13.  Rome January 25, 61.  Cicero received three letters from Atticus.  The first was delivered by M. Cornelius who delived it to Cicero at Tres Tabernae.  2nd came from Canusium, 3rd by ship.  Cicero has difficulty finding reliable post:  qui epistulam paulo graviorem ferre possit nisi eam perlectione relevarit.  Cicero named number 2 after Princeps of the Senate.  Piso is petty, Messala tough.  Clodius' affair.  Caesar's divorce.  Cicero suspects serious mischief.  Pompey is jealous.

#14.  Rome, Feburary 13, 61.  Cicero is swamped.  Pompey's speech poorly received.  Fufius, a tribune, called Pompey to speak at contio, egged on by Piso, at the Flaminian Circus.  Pompey in speech supports Senate.  In the Senate Messala asked Pompey his position on Clodius' trial.  He said that he supported Senate.  Pompey was sitting next to Cicero.  Then Crassus to steal limelight from Pompey stands up and praises Cicero.  Cicero says Senate was resolute in the matter of Clodius.  A bill was presented to people about it, opposed by friends of Clodius.  Piso, consul, urged no vote. It was discovered that ballots with only nay were distributed.  Then Cato takes platform and criticizes Piso.  Hortensius, Favonius helped.  Assembly dismissed.  The Senate passes motion to support the bill.  Clodius begs.  Vote- 400 to 15.  Clodius proceeds with crazy speeches.

#15.  Rome, March 1, 61.  Quintus receives Asia as province for governor.  Cicero asks Atticus to be on his staff.

#16.  Rome, early July, 61.  Clodius' trial with all of its drama and Cicero's testimony.  Hortenius' blunder.  Crassus used money to bribe jurors.  Pompey pushes L. Afranius for Consul.  Cicero sees this as a big mistake.  Atticus decides not be on Quintus' staff.  Atticus wrote an epigram for Amalthea.  Cicero would appreciate a description of the Amalthea, decorations, poems.  Cicero would like to do the same at Arpinum.

#17.  Rome, December 5, 61.  Discussion of Quintus' anger with Atticus.  Very philosophical.  Atticus apparently felt compelled to explain his mode of life to Cicero.  Cicero comforts Atticus and respects his choice.  There is difficulty in maintaining harmony between Senate and Equites.  Cicero has drawn closer to Pompey but realizes the dangers.  Cicero mentions the coming election concerning Caesar and Bibulus.

#18.  Rome, January 20, 60. Cicero misses Atticus as a confidant.  Quintus is in Asia, Cicero is lonely, even though accompanied by throngs to the forum.  He worries of family matters.  His only consolation is Terrentia, Tullia and Marcus.  Politics is a mess: Clodius' trial, Senate ineffective and scandel (Memmius initiated M. Lucullus' wife and wiped his boots on Agamemnon.)  C. Herenius, tribune, propsed to make Cldoius a plebeian.

#19.  Rome, March 15, 60. Cicero jokes that he is better at writing letters.  Politics- there is the Gallic scare.  Ambassadors are to be sent to prevent Gauls from joining Helvetians.  Tribune Flavius pushing agrarian law for Pompey.  Cicero got the parts removed which were bad for private interests.  Tribune Herenius pushing bill to make Clodius pleb.  Votoed each time.  Pompey and Cicero are tight but Cicero is wary of the "honest men".  Cicero is not able to help Atticus' affair.  Cicero is sending his Greek version of his Consulship, soon a Latin version, then a poem.  Quintus writes to Cicero that he never said anything bad about Atticus.

#20.  Rome, May 12, 60. Cicero returns from Pompeii, May 12.  Cicero mentions Atticus' kind and polite letter.  Pompey is too eager for popularity but Cicero takes the high road.  Cicero will stay true to his code.  But he misses Catullus who just died.  Cicero feels alone now.  He is aware of jealous nobles.  Metellus is an impressive Consul but Afranius is pathetic. L.Papirius Paetus offered Cicero books of Ser. Claudius.  Cicero is excited.

#21.  Antium, June 3 (?) 60.  Cicero gives C. Cossinius his Greek version of his consulship for Atticus.  Atticus wrote one too.  Cicero sends some speeches as these are requested by the young, his "little speeches":  Agrarian law, Otho, Catilinarian etc.  Clodius still pushing to be a pleb.  Metellus stops.  Clodius and Cicero battle in the Senate, but Clodius keeps pushing to be a pleb.  Banter and barbs are exchanged.  Cicero hopes to steer Pompey for good constitutional purposes.  Cicero hopes to bind Caesar to benefit the state.  Cicero's criticism of Cato is that he is too insistent on keeping to stoic principals.  His Amalthea looks forward to seeing Atticus.  Cicero is pleased with Tusculum and Pompeii.  Cicero sends Prognostica.  Cicero asks Atticus again to take care of books from Paetus.

#22.  Antium, December 15 (?) 60.  Cicero enjoys Dicaearchus.

#23.  Rome maybe, after 22. Atticus criticizes the size of Cicero's windows- a discussion on widow philosophy follows. Cicero hopes to work with Caesar and Pompey.  Cicero looks forward to their strolls on the Compitalia.  He promises to have the baths ready.  Terentia invites Pomponia and Atticus' mother.  Cicero requests Theophrastus' On Ambition from Quintus' library.

#24.  Antium, early August, 59.  Clodius is going on embassy to Tigranes.  Atticus asked for Cicero to work on Geography.  Cicero expects himself to have something to show for his absence from politics. He plans to be at Formiae or Pompeii by the Kalends.  He expresses concern for the wall at Quintus' house.

#25.  Antium, just after 24.  59.  Cicero faces the possibility of embassy to Alexandria for Ptolemy XII.  Cicero is spending time with the muses and loves it.

#26.  Antium, after 25.  59.  Cicero may not be able to produce literature.  He is enjoying himself so much.  He reads or counts the waves.  Partly because it is not good weather for fishing.  He enjoys Antium because no one knows about problems in Rome.

#27.  Antium, after 25. 59. Cicero promises to have something to show for his vacation.  Pompey and Crassus quietly pass a Lex Curiata to make Clodius a pleb.  Cicero sees danger in this.  Cicero says that he will not forget what Atticus said about Amalthea.

#28.  Antium, April 16, 59.  Servants lost the letters which Atticus wrote to Cicero.  Cicero remarks that Atticus' letters are useful and charming.  The Ist Triumvirate is in play.  Cicero goes to Formiae on Pariles, then leave Formiae May 1, then to Antium on the 3rd, then Tusculum, then Arpinum, then Rome by June 1.

#29.  Antium April 16, 59.  Cicero waits more news from Rome about Clodius and his moves.  Cicero disgusted at laws ignored by Vatinius and Caesar.  People may have disliked domination of the Senate under Cicero but just wait for their reaction at three men running everything.  Cicero will return to Antium from Formiae.  From Antium to Tusculum.

#30.  Tres Tabernae, April 19, 59.  Cicero disgusted at way Clodius was made a pleb.  What a joke.  He met Curio at Trest Tabernae.  Cicero learned that Clodius is to run for Tribune.  Atticus urges Cicero to write.  Atticus made favorable comments about Dicaearchus.  This letter was written at 4 PM.

#31.  Forum Apii, April 20, 59.  Cicero will not attend the games at Antium because it may give the impression of pleasure seeking.  He is going to Formiae.

#32.  Formiae, April 23, 59.  News slow to reach Cicero here.  Quotes Odyssey:  9.27 when referring to Arpinum.

#33.  Formiae, April 24, 59.  Formiae= Laestrygonian Telepylus.  People here are disgusted with Triumvirs.  Cicero has been studying.

#34.  Formiae, April 26, 59.  Pompey will be shocked to see his reputation on the tank.  Atticus urges Cicero to compose.  But Cicero cites the constant stream of visitors.  These may annoy but Cicero clearly does not dismiss.

#35.  Formiae, April28, 59.  Cicero not impressed with Bibulus holding up elections.  Cicero clearly here and in previous letters not personally concerned with Publius' tribunate bid.

#36.  Formiae, April 29, 59. Caesar's agrarian law in the works.  Cicero has concerns for Campanian domain.  Pompey's stand?  He has quibbled, fence walked, straddled in so many issues that little room is left him.  Cicero has thrust himself into study.

#37.  Formiae after 32, 59.  Cicero and Atticus note that Pompey is looking for dominance: i.e.- the new marriage, the three have another goal in view.  Cicero will discuss matters at Arpinum, May 10.

#38.  Rome, June 59.  Campanian Law passed.  Contains requirement for oath by any candidate.  Laterensis withdrew from tribune bid rather than take the oath.  Caesar offers Cicero Commissionship, also offered Free Commission.  But Cicero does not want to be out of Rome when his brother returns.

#39.  Rome, July 7-14, 59.  Cicero upset about Statilius' manumission.  Triumvirs unpopular to the extreem.  People protest but have no power to act.  At plays Pompey is hammered.  Caesar entered theater and no one clapped.  But Curio received an ovation. Diphilus (actor):  "To our misfortune you are great".  Publius threatens.  Caesar offers Cicero to be on his staff.

#40.  Rome, circa July, 59.  Pompey says that Clodius will attack Cicero over his dead body.

#41.  Rome, July 25 (?), 59.  The Republic is in deep trouble.  Much of what has been done by Triumvirs was to get Cato.  It has ruined Rome.  Pompey is hammered without pause.  Cicero worries that these guys when frustrated will get violent.  Caesar gives a speech against Bibulus- not well received.  Clodius is dangerous but Pompey says he has Cicero's back.

#42.  Rome, August, 59.  Clodius attacks this, that and bounces all about.  Pompey told Cicero that he told Clodius to leave Cicero alone.  Cicero has kept low, house is thronged, busy in courts.  He needs to find out Clodius' plans.

#43.  Rome, August, 59.  Cicero dictates this letters as he walks because he is so busy.  Pompey regrets his position.  Clodius threatens too.

#44.  Rome, August, 59.  The plot against Pompey's life.  Vettius, the informer.  The next day Caesar brings him to the Rostra and he changes those whom he accused of the plot.

#45.  Rome, September, 59.  The Republic is not healthy.  Cicero builds defense via courts, associations and meetings.

#46.  On route, March 22, 58.  Cicero exiled.  Needs to make plans.

#47.  On route, March 22, 58.  Mad, depressed, sees no hope.

#48.  Nares Lucanae, March 27, 58.  Difficult to find safe routes, places to stay.

#49.  Vibo, April 3, 58.  Canged course for Brundisium.  Can not stay at Malta.  Must be 400 miles from Rome.

#50.  Thurii, April 6, 58.  My enemies have robbed me of my things but not myself.

#51.  Near Tarentum, April 17, 58.  Perhaps he will go to Asia.

#52.  Brundisium, April 29, 58.  Depressed, angry, feels abandoned.  Realizes those who failed to back him up out of jealousy.

#53.  Thessalonica, May 29, 58.  Trying to meet Quintus.  Cicero worries about Quintus being prosecuted.  Cicero feels betrayed by Hortensius.

#54.  Thessalonica, June 13, 58.  Cicero could not bring himself to meet Quintus.

#55.  Thessalonica, June 17, 58.  Reviews his incredible misfortune that he feel from such a great height with such a good case.

#56.  Thessalonica, June 27, 58.  Cicero has hope.

#57.  Thessalonica, July 17, 58.  Matters are going through the Senate but Cicero sees many obstacles.  Then the speech leaked out he wrote against Curio and Clodius.

#58.  Thessalonica, July 21, 58.  He has not left Thessalonica, he awaits news.

#59.  Thessalonica, August 5, 58.  Cicero's chances seem to fade.  There is hope in the new tribunes designate.  Atticus tells Cicero he is of sound mind.

#60.  Thessalonica, August 17, 58.  Rumors are about that Cicero has lost his mind.  There is no one here to talk to.  Cicero reviews his feelings of loss and abandonment.  Cicero regrets leaving Rome.  Cicero discusses Clodius' opposition, the difficulty of getting things done, concern for return of property, Cicero blames himself.

#61.  Thessalonica, August 19, 58.  His hopes rise and fall.

#62.  Thessalonica, September 4, 58.  Worries of Quintus being prosecuted.  He appreciates everything Atticus does for his family.

#63.  Thessalonica, September 10, 58.  Pompey takes hand in the matter and Quintus supports.

#64.  Thessalonica, September 15, 58.  Cicero plans to go to Epirus, Atticus makes Cicero hopeful.  Cicero knows he was betrayed.

#65.  Thessalonica, October 5, 58.  Caecilius died giving Atticus his name.  Cicero very happy.  Cicero knows he has been hard on Atticus.  Concerned about details of the language of Sestius' Bill for his recall.

#66.  Thessalonica, October 28, 58.  Keep me informed.

#67.  Thessalonica, November 16, and Dyrrachium, November 25, 58.  Plancius has been very supportive.  Lentulus, Pompey and others are helping.

#68.  Dyrrachium, November 29, 58.  Details of Tribune bills both old and new.  Cicero gives Atticus specific suggestions on improvement for wording.

#69.  Dyrrachium, December 10, 58.  Cicero wanted an honest update on political maneuvering concerning his recall.

#70.  Dyrrachium, December 15 (?), 58.  Depressed again as he loses hope.  Worries about appearing ungrateful.

#71.  Dyrrachium, January 15(?), 57.  Now appears that things are going through the Senate.

#72.  Dyrrachium, early February, 57.  Depressed for the recall law before the Assembly was blocked by Clodius gang.  Quintus almost killed in the riots which followed.

#73.  Rome, September 10, 57.  Cicero is back.  General situation- pleased, recovered prestige, authority in Senate, influence.  Account of his return:

Left Dyrrachium August 4.

Landed at Brundisium August 5.

Tullia was there- it was her birthday.

August 11- at Brundisium via Quintus of Centuriate vote.

Rome- returns via Porta Capena- people all over temple steps.

September 5- speech of thanks

September 7- Clodius stirs up grain shortage problem- Cicero speech appoints Pompey to handle matter.

September 8- Senate meets- measures passed- Pompey to handle grain

Cicero soon will hear Pontiffs decision about his house

#74.  Rome, beg of October, 57.  More news of problems.  Battles over his house.  September 29 was his speech to Pontiffs.  Eagerly awaited by younger set.  

October 1- thrust and parry in Senate to settle matters.  Clodius atttempts to filibuster- he is shouted down.

October 2- Senate passes measure

Cicero's house and Catullus' portico to be restored. Palatine and Tusculum and Formiae house valued.  

Cicero on Pompey's commission but Cicero hopes to run for Censorship.  Cicero thinks he will put Tusculum up for sale.

#75.  Rome, November 22, 57.  

November 3 Clodius' men attack Cicero's house under construction on Palatine.  Catullus' portico destroyed.

November 11- Clodius attack Cicero on Via Sacra

November 12- Clodius attacks Milo's house but was beaten off by Q. Flaccus.

November 19-  Milo to campus before midnight- much rioting

November 22- Cicero writes this letter 2 am.

#76.  Rome, January 28, 56.  Cicero looks forward to Atticus' visit.

#77.  Arpinum, April 14, 56. Cicero asks Atticus to post guards at his house.

#78.  Antium, June 20, 56. Tyrranio has arranged Cicero library- these must those left from Clodius looting at Tusculum(?).

#79.  Antium, after 78, 56.  Cicero calls this area nothing quieter, nothing cooler, nothing more charming.

#80.  Antium after 79, 65.  Atticus bugged that Cicero sent De Consularibus Provinciae to Pompey first.  Cicero is taking new line for better security to allign himself with Pompey and Caesar.  Cicero's house once belonged to Catullus.  Atticus' people painted Cicero's library. 

#81.  Antium, end of June, 56.  Chatty.

#82.  Antium/Tusculum, November 17, 56.L.Domitius failed to gain Consulship.  Pompey and Crassus elected Consuls.

#83.  Cumae, April 19, 55.  Cicero says politics is a mess.  If I say what I should about the Republic I am crazy, if what is necessary as a slave, if silent, oppressed.  Atticus asked Cicero to write something dedicated to Hortensius.

#84.  Cumae, April 27, 55.  I am feeding of Faustus' library.  As Rome is a mess, literature is my salvation.  I long to sit on that seat beneath Aristotle's bust and take a walk.  Instead he walks with Pompey.

#85.  Naples, April 27, 55.  Meeting with Pompey.  Off to Pompeii.

#86.  Tusculum, June 26, 55.  Reading and reading.

#87.  Tusculum, November 15/16, 55.  Crassus left for Syria.  Cicero is busy with De Oratore.  

#88.  Cumae or Pompeii, Mid May, 55.  Cicero plans to use Atticus' library.

#89.  Rome, July 1, 55.  Cicero is planning a book with Varro in it.  Caesar's building progress in Campus Martius. Discussion of De Republica.  Legal battles.  Paulus' basilica almost done-  Cicero says it is beautiful.

567. Letters to Atticus, translated by Shackleton Bailey- Summary

567.  Letters to Atticus, translated by Shackleton Bailey. These letters are so fun to read.  It lends strength to the argument that Cicero may have been the most civilized man who ever lived.  The first letter is from 68 BC.  The last goes up to late 44 BC.  The letters can be approached from so many angles, it boggles the mind.  One can read for his wonderful style of writing.  He is delightful, serious, funny, fun loving, angry.  A wide range of moods.  Which makes sense when one realizes that these are letters to a dear friend and thus Cicero often opens up in ways he did not open up to others.  But do not be mislead.  Careful reading of the letters in my judgement indicates that Cicero did not share everything with Atticus.  His quips are so very clever that if one could commit them to memory he/she would add much bite, force, strength to any writing he/she undertakes.  Here is Cicero talking about how long it takes Varro to publish something:  “he has been running hard without advancing a foot”.  “My own conscience counts more with me than all the world’s talk.” - this he wrote when thinking about gossip concerning his stand on political issues.  “I reduced the outward show of grief; grief itself I could not reduce, and would not if I could.”  This he said in reply to those criticizing his grief over his daughter’s death. 

Clodius, a rich and arrogant politician, was on trial for serious charges.  Cicero served as witness for prosecution.  Cicero claims that Clodius gained acquittal via bribery of key judges.  The letter survives.  It is a gem of literary style.  It is fun to read.  The trial unfolds before one’s eyes.  It is a masterpiece.  Later Clodius taunted Cicero in a Senate meeting.  The interchange tells much of Senatorial give and take.  It also reveals how quick Cicero was on his feet.  It is awesome to think that someone could respond so readily.

Many letters survive which Cicero wrote during his exile.  These give new and fresh appreciation for him as man.  Concern for himself, his brother, his daughter and brother.  Embarrassment at his disaster.  But his powerful drive for politics are evident here- he becomes interested in his restoration almost from the moment he leaves Italy.

When he was governor of Cilicia in 50 BC, another side of the man surfaces.  He was so honest.  In fact if you read these, you will find a new side to Brutus who figures so large in Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. Cicero faced major problems with Brutus who had loaned money to someone in Cicero’s province and was insisting on 48 % annual interest rate.  Not only illegal but immoral.   Cicero was shocked to say the least.  I have never thought that Cicero cared much for Brutus the man.

Jan 21, 49 BC Cicero wrote to Atticus when he heard of Caesar crossing the Rubicon River.  Even when he is stunned, shocked or scarred, he is so expressive.  Here we enter the exciting mind of Cicero as he swiftly obliterates any reason Caesar could have mustered for starting a civil war. 

Cicero loved nature too.  Gardens were a delight.  Statues rightly placed in a garden or a room brought so much joy.  In April 46 BC Atticus wanted to know whether he, Cicero, derived more please from the hills, the view or his walks by the sea.  Other such comments occur elsewhere.

It is clear from reading just a few letters that there was little which did not interest him.